This book explores the rich and deep interplay between mathematics and physics one century after David Hilbert’s works from 1891 to 1933, published by Springer in six volumes. The most prominent scientists in various domains of these disciplines contribute to this volume providing insight to their works, and analyzing the impact of the breakthrough and the perspectives of their own contributions. The result is a broad journey through the most recent developments in mathematical physics, such as string theory, quantum gravity, noncommutative geometry, twistor theory, Gauge and Quantum fields theories, just to mention a few. The reader, accompanied on this journey by some of the fathers of these theories, explores some far reaching interfaces where mathematics and theoretical physics interact profoundly and gets a broad and deep understanding of subjects which are at the core of recent developments in mathematical physics. The journey is not confined to the present state of the art, but sheds light on future developments of the field, highlighting a list of open problems. Graduate students and researchers working in physics, mathematics and mathematical physics will find this journey extremely fascinating.  All those who want to  benefit from a comprehensive description of all the latest advances in mathematics and mathematical physics, will find this book very useful too.

Contents
Joseph Kouneiher, Where We Stand Today                                                                              1
Leo Corry, Mie’s Electromagnetic Theory of Matter and the Background to Hilbert’s Unified Foundations of Physics    75
Joseph Kouneiher and John Stachel, Hilbert and Einstein                                                             97
Colin McLarty, Grothendieck’s Unifying Vision of Geometry                                                           107
Michael Atiyah, Understanding the 6-Dimensional Sphere                                                              129
Misha Gromov, A Dozen Problems, Questions and Conjectures About Positive Scalar Curvature                           135
Alain Connes, Geometry and the Quantum                                                                              159
Edward Witten, What Every Physicist Should Know About String Theory                                                 197
Ali H. Chamseddine, Quanta of Space-Time and Axiomatization of Physics                                               211
Roger Penrose, Twistor Theory as an Approach to Fundamental Physics                                                 253
Lee Smolin, What Are We Missing in Our Search for Quantum Gravity?                                                  287
Sebastian De Haro and Jeremy Butterfield, A Schema for Duality, Illustrated by Bosonization 305                                                         
J. Attard, J. François, S. Lazzarini and T. Masson, The Dressing Field Method of Gauge Symmetry Reduction, a Review with Examples   377
Kevin Shu, Sharjeel Aziz, Vy-Luan Huynh, David Warrick and Matilde Marcolli, Syntactic Phylogenetic Trees           417

Table of contents :
Preface......Page 3
Contents......Page 6
1. An Introduction to Neural Networks
2 Machine Learning with Shallow Neural Networks
3 Training Deep Neural Networks
4 Teaching Deep Learners to Generalize
5 Radial Basis Function Networks
6 Restricted Boltzmann Machines
7 Recurrent Neural Networks
8 Convolutional Neural Networks
9 Deep Reinforcement Learning
10 Advanced Topics in Deep Learning
Biblio......Page 468
Index......Page 502

Table of contents :
Foreword......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Acronyms......Page 7

1 A Brief Review on Machine Learning
2 Statistical Learning Theory
3 Assessing Supervised Learning Algorithms
4 Introduction to Support Vector Machines
5 In Search for the Optimization Algorithm
6 A Brief Introduction on Kernels

This textbook presents a concise, accessible and engaging first introduction to deep learning, offering a wide range of connectionist models which represent the current state-of-the-art. The text explores the most popular algorithms and architectures in a simple and intuitive style, explaining the mathematical derivations in a step-by-step manner. The content coverage includes convolutional networks, LSTMs, Word2vec, RBMs, DBNs, neural Turing machines, memory networks and autoencoders. Numerous examples in working Python code are provided throughout the book, and the code is also supplied separately at an accompanying website.
Topics and features: introduces the fundamentals of machine learning, and the mathematical and computational prerequisites for deep learning; discusses feed-forward neural networks, and explores the modifications to these which can be applied to any neural network; examines convolutional neural networks, and the recurrent connections to a feed-forward neural network; describes the notion of distributed representations, the concept of the autoencoder, and the ideas behind language processing with deep learning; presents a brief history of artificial intelligence and neural networks, and reviews interesting open research problems in deep learning and connectionism.

Computational trust is the digital counterpart of the human notion of trust as applied in social systemsIts main purpose is to improve the reliability of interactions in online communities and of knowledge transfer in information management systemsTrust models are typically composed of two parts: a trust computing part and a trust manipulation partThe former serves the purpose of gathering relevant information and then use it to compute initial trust values; the latter takes the initial trust values as granted and manipulates them for specific purposes, like, e.g., aggregation and propagation of trust, which are at the base of a notion of reputationWhile trust manipulation is widely studied, very little attention is paid to the trust computing partIn this paper, we propose a formal language with which we can reason about knowledge, trust and their interactionSpecifically, in this setting it is possible to put into direct dependence possessed knowledge with values estimating trust, distrust, and uncertainty, which can then be used to feed any trust manipulation component of computational trust models.

Foreword by Sara Seager
The field of research of exoplanet atmospheres is flourishing in observation and theory. Both the quality and quantity of observations are increasing rapidly—for a variety of planet types including transiting planets and directly imaged giantplanets. With the James Webb Space Telescope on the horizon, the promise oflarge numbers of a huge variety of exoplanet atmospheres with observations athigh-precision, high-spectral resolution will finally be fulfilled. As a result, moreand more researchers are entering the field, especially students from many disciplines. Observations alone are not enough—theory to interpret the observations and to guide future observing strategy is key.
The theory of exoplanets atmospheres must draw on a vast body of physics, chemistry, and atmospheric science. Yet, exoplanet atmospheres is truly its own discipline, requiring the topics to be tied together in a way not normally taught in any standard physics or atmospheric science class. Further, remote sensing of distant exoplanets means we will always be limited in data extent and quality, as compared to Solar System planets which can be visited directly by orbiters and landers. So, different techniques and different applications of theory are needed over traditional planetary science. But more importantly, exoplanets have a huge diversity, appearing in nearly all masses, sizes, and orbits physically plausible. We anticipate this diversity will extend to the planet atmospheresand indeed already have evidence in this regard for hot Jupiters observed with the Hubble Space Telescope. But just how does one tie all of the topics together?
Dr. Heng succeeds in providing an insightful and comprehensive treatise threading together key elements of exoplanet atmospheres, starting with radiative transfer and through opacities, chemistry, fluid dynamics, convection, and touching on atmospheric escape. Both deep and broad, Dr. Heng’s book goes beyond a standard graduate-level textbook to provide a very thorough foundation for those wanting to perform research in the field. For example, early in the book Dr. Heng treats the two-stream approximation to the radiative transfer equation in meticulous detail and later, over three chapters, gives an impressive treatment of atmospheric fluid dynamics. The best way to learn and gain intuition is to apply—in this field by implementing equations into one’s own computer code and then experimenting with it. To this end—and a fresh ingredient of many chapters—Dr. Heng outlines a recipe checklist for implementation, including pitfalls. One of my favorite features of the book are comments throughout on how to simplify a complicated equation, when simplification is appropriate, and what the dangerous caveats to the simplification are.
The book is the most thorough text on exoplanet atmospheres to date. It dives deeper and therefore builds upon my book “Exoplanet Atmospheres,” the first on the subject and published in 2010 also by Princeton University Press. Indeed, the author intends his new book to be a logical continuation of the first. The book is complementary to the range of existing scholarly books on exoplanets in general.
Dr. Heng is one of the world’s foremost experts on exoplanet atmospheres and has encapsulated his expertise into the book. His book will take you through the complexities and simplicities, the elegance and challenges of exoplanet atmospheres. Enjoy the journey!
Sara Seager
Professor of Planetary Science
Professor of Physics
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, MA, U.S.A.

This monograph deals with the interrelationship between chemistry and physics, and especially the role played by quantum chemistry as a theory in between these two disciplines. The author uses structuralist approach to explore the overlap between the two sciences, looking at their theoretical and ontological borrowings as well as their continuity.The starting point of this book is that there is at least a form of unity between chemistry and physics, where the reduction relation is conceived as a special case of this unity. However, matters are never concluded so simply within philosophy of chemistry, as significant problems exist around a number of core chemical ideas. Specifically, one cannot take the obvious success of quantum theories as outright support for a reductive relationship. Instead, in the context of a suitably adapted Nagelian framework for reduction, modern chemistry's relationship to physics is constitutive. The results provided by quantum chemistry, in particular, have significant consequences for chemical ontology. This book is ideal for students, scholars and academics from the field of Philosophy of Science, and particularly for those with an interest in Philosophy of Chemistry and Physics. .

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 11th IFIP WG 11.11 International Conference on Trust Management, IFIPTM 2017, held in Gothenburg, Sweden, in June 2017.
The 8 revised full papers and 6 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 29 submissions. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: information sharing and personal data; novel sources of trust and trust information; applications of trust; trust metrics; and reputation systems. Also included is the 2017 William Winsborough commemorative address and three short IFIPTM 2017 graduate symposium presentations.

Сборник трудов подготовлен по результатам работы всероссийской конференции «Обработка пространственных данных в задачах мониторинга природных и антропогенных процессов» (SDM-2017), которая проходила с 29 по 31 августа 2017 г. на базе ООО «Санаторий Рассвет» (г. Бердск, Новосибирская область). В сборнике представлены результаты исследований по следующим направлениям: интегрированные геоинформационные технологии и системы в задачах мониторинга; оперативный региональный спутниковый мониторинг окружающей среды; моделирование и мониторинг экологических и техногенных процессов и систем. Сборник будет полезен для научных и инженерных работников, аспирантов и студентов вузов, занимающихся проблемами мониторинга окружающей среды. Материалы сборника публикуются в авторской редакции.

Инфраструктурный подход обработки пространственных данных в задачах управления территорией
Бычков И.В., Ружников Г.М., Парамонов В.В., Шумилов А.С., Фёдоров Р.К., Будням С. . 7
Элементы виртуальной исследовательской среды для анализа больших данных об окружающей среде
Гордов Е.П., Окладников И.Г., Титов А.Г., Фазлиев А.З. ..... 10
Опыт создания региональных, специализированных, научных информационных систем мониторинга на основе данных ДЗЗ
Балашов И.В., Бурцев М.А., Лупян Е.А., Мазуров А.А., Прошин А.А., Толпин В.А.,
Уваров И.А. .......... 17
Риски развития и мониторинг социально-природно-техногенных систем – основа безопасности, стратегического планирования и управления промышленными регионами страны
Москвичев В.В. ........ 22
Технология разработки прикладных геопорталов
Потапов В.П., Гиниятуллина О.Л., Харлампенков И.Е. .... 26
Комплекс программного обеспечения PlanetaMonitoring в прикладных задачах дистанционного зондирования
Асмус В.В., Бучнев А.А., Кровотынцев В.А., Пяткин В.П., Салов Г.И. .... 31
Моделирование ландшафтных сцен на основе данных лазерного сканирования и цифровых аэрофотоснимков
Фаворская М.Н. ......... 39
Веб-технологии для геоинформационной системы оперативной оценки загрязнения атмосферы и климатических условий в Красноярске
Якубайлик О.Э., Кадочников А.А., Токарев А.В. ..... 44

ИНТЕГРИРОВАННЫЕ ГЕОИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ И СИСТЕМЫ В ЗАДАЧАХ МОНИТОРИНГА

Метод фрактальной селекции объектов на аэрокосмических изображениях
Андрусенко А.С., Шабаков Е.И. ....... 50
Распознавание гиперспектральных изображений с использованием кластерного ансамбля и частично контролируемого обучения
Бериков В.Б., Пестунов И.А., Караев Н.М., Тевари А. .... 60
Комплексная классификация трудноразличимых типов растительности по гиперспектральным изображениям
Борзов С.М., Потатуркин О.И., Гурьянов М.А. ..... 65
Фильтрация изображений при обнаружения малоразмерных объектов в системах с круговым микросканированием
Шакенов А.К., Будеев Д.Е. ....... 68
Нечеткая классификация данных дистанционного зондирования Земли
Бучнев А.А., Пяткин В.П. ......... 73
Пространственная модель и показатели свойств объектов дистанционного зондирования из космоса
Григорьев А.Н., Дмитриков Г.Г. ...... 78
Комплексирование классификаторов в задаче тематической обработки гиперспектральных аэрокосмических изображений
Дмитриев Е.В., Дементьев А.О., Козодеров В.В....... 82
Об языках поисковых запросов для пространственных данных
Жижимов О.Л. ........ 88
Влияние поляризации излучения на результат восстановления коэффициентов отражения земной поверхности в видимом и ближнем ИК-диапазоне
Зимовая А.В., Тарасенков М.В., Белов В.В. ....... 92
Об одном подходе к задаче улучшения границ на многоспектральных изображениях
Казанцев И. Г. ......... 98
Удаленный анализ и обработка данных ДЗЗ, предоставляемых сверхбольшими распределенными системами архивации
Кашницкий А.В., Лупян Е.А. ........ 102
Мониторинг криогенных процессов в прибрежной зоне озер п-ва ямал на основе поляриметрических данных TanDEM-X и ALOS-2 PALSAR
Кирбижекова И.И., Чимитдоржиев Т.Н., Дворников Ю.А. .... 107
Спектральный и текстурный анализ спутниковых изображений очагов лесных пожаров Республики Бурятия на основе данных Ресурс-П, Канопус-В и Метеор-М
Кирбижекова И.И., Чимитдоржиев Т.Н., Балтухаев А.К. ...... 112
Методология долгосрочного прогноза водного и гидрохимического стоков горных рек
Кирста Ю.Б., Пузанов А.В. ......... 117
Дистанционные методы мониторинга нивально-гляциальных образований
Китов А.Д........... 122
Об устойчивости оценивания параметров локальных магнитных аномалий по данным разновысотной магнитной съемки с помощью БПЛА
Косых В.П., Громилин Г.И., Фирсов А.П., Савлук А.В. .... 127
Применение метода интерферометрии устойчивых отражателей для мониторинга деформаций земной поверхности
Миков Л.С........... 131
Анализ влияния предварительной обработки сейсмических сигналов на качество классификации объектов
Морозов Ю.В., Райфельд М.А., Спектор А.А. ...... 134
Высокопроизводительные средства интеллектуальной программной поддержки в теоретических и прикладных задачах обработки изображений
Резник А.Л., Соловьев А.А., Торгов А.В. ....... 139
Связь радарных данных Sentinel-1 с наземными измерениями температуры почвы
Родионова Н.В. ........ 144
Непараметрический алгоритм кластеризации для сегментации изображений на основе комбинации сеточного подхода и процедуры среднего сдвига
Рылов С.А. .......... 150
Неконтролируемая классификация мультиспектральных изображений
Сидорова В.С. .......... 156
Метод создания панорамных аэрофотоснимков на основе многополосного смешивания
Фаворская М.Н., Пахирка А.И., Зотин А.Г., Буряченко В.В. ... 161

ОПЕРАТИВНЫЙ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СПУТНИКОВЫЙ МОНИТОРИНГ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ

Влияние глобальных климатических изменений на климат Западной Сибири в первой половине XXI века
Волков Н.В., Лагутин А.А., Макушев К.М., Мордвин Е.Ю., Букина А.К. .. 167
Данные дистанционного зондирования Земли и ГИС технологии в задачах регистрации параметров внутриконтинентальных водных объектов
Донцов А.А., Суторихин И.А. ......... 172
Спутниковый мониторинг снежного покрова на территории Алтайского края в 2017 году
Дробышева О.В., Жуков А.П., Лагутин А.А, Синицин В.В. ...... 176
Оперативная аналитическая обработка пространственных данных в задачах мониторинга ЧС
Евсюков А.А. .......... 180
Анализ пространственной неоднородности количества фитопланктона и желтого вещества в заливах Карского моря
Кириллов В.В., Ковалевская Н.М., Печкин А.С., Котовщиков А.В., Скороспехова Т.В.,
Скачкова А.С., Семчуков А.Н. ........ 185
Методы оценки концентрации парниковых газовых составляющих в атмосфере по данным наблюдений и модели переноса и диффузии, основанные на ансамблевом фильтре Калмана
Климова Е.Г........ 191
Исследование динамики параметров качества воды в Обской губе и прилежащем Карском шельфе на основе многолетних спутниковых наблюдений
Ковалевская Н.М., Кириллов В.В., Павлов В.Е., Мышляков С.Г., Скачкова А.С., Хворова Л.А., Колисниченко Н.А. ...... 196
Анализ вертикального распределения скорости в озере Шира на основе обработки данных длительных измерений в летний период
Компаниец Л.А., Володько О.С., Гаврилова Л.В. ..... 202
Мониторинг факельных установок по сжиганию попутного газа на территории Западной Сибири с использованием данных каналов радиометра VIIRS/SNPP в видимом и ближнем ИК-диапазонах в ночное время
Мордвин Е.Ю., Лагутин А.А., Тришин М.С. ...... 207
Чувствительность показаний спутникового гиперспектрометра ИК-диапазона к вариациям характеристик газового состава атмосферы
Мордвин Е.Ю., Лагутин А.А., Сармисоков З.Т. ....... 212
Межгодовая изменчивость альбедо подстилающей поверхности юга Западной Сибири в 2000-2016 годах
Прокопов Д.А., Лагутин А.А., Бойко К.А. ....... 216
Мониторинг снежного покрова речных бассейнов
Ромасько В.Ю., Бураков Д.А. ......... 220
Классификация сельскохозяйственных культур по данным дистанционного зондирования Земли с использованием метода Гаусса
Сафонова А.Н. ......... 225
Алгоритм восстановления коэффициента отражения земной поверхности в видимом и ближнем ИК-диапазоне по спутниковым данным MODIS
Тарасенков М.В., Белов В.В., Кирнос И.В..... 231

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ И МОНИТОРИНГ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ И ТЕХНОГЕННЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ И СИСТЕМ

Геоинформационная база данных для анализа инвазивного процесса байкальских эндемичных ракообразных в р. Енисей
Андрианова А.В., Якубайлик О.Э. ........ 237
Структура и сервисы системы информационной поддержки вибросейсмических исследований
Брагинская Л.П., Григорюк А.П., Ковалевский В.В. ...... 242
Распознавание неоднородной структуры объекта сельскохозяйственного назначения для решения задач агромониторинга
Брежнев Р.В., Маглинец Ю.А. ........ 247
Технология моделирования зон затопления в нижнем бьефе Иркутской ГЭС при высоких расходах через ее гидростворы
Гаченко А.С., Хмельнов А.Е., Абасов Н.В., Осипчук Е.Н. ...... 252
Информационно-аналитическая система оценки зоны влияния выбросов угледобывающего региона с использованием данных дистанционного зондирования
Гиниятуллина О.Л., Быков А.А....... 257
Мониторинг технических сооружений по ортофотопланам построенным по технологии True Ortho
Гук А.П., Евстратова Л.Г. ....... 262
Динамика изменений техногенных рисков промышленных регионов: Красноярский край, Кемеровская область
Иванова У.С. ......... 267
Программно-технологическое обеспечение системы спутникового мониторинга окружающей природной среды
Кадочников А.А. .......... 271
Построение информационных систем на основе онтологии
Молородов Ю.И., Вишнев К.Е. ....... 275
Использование инфраструктур данных для оценивания рисков чрезвычайных ситуаций
Ничепорчук В.В., Чернякова Н.А. ...... 280
Информационно-вычислительная система обработки радарных данных на базе компонентов программного каркаса Apache Hadoop
Потапов В.П, Попов С.Е., Костылев М.А. ..... 285
Оценка загрязнений водных ресурсов и атмосферных выпадений в регионе с высокой техногенной нагрузкой
Счастливцев Е.Л., Юкина Н.И., Быков А.А. ...... 293
Модели и методы оценки индивидуальных рисков
Тасейко О.В. .......... 297
Метод обнаружения возгораний в условиях пониженной освещенности по визуальным данным
Фаворская М.Н., Пятаева А.В., Пятаев А.С. ....... 300
Облако геопорталов
Фёдоров Р.К., Шумилов А.С., Ружников Г.М. ...... 305
Космический мониторинг территорий благоприятных для развития болезней и вредителей сельскохозяйственных культур
Цычуева Н.Ю. .......... 309
Практикоориентированные методы преподавания основ дистанционного зондирования при подготовке специалистов картографов
Цычуева Н.Ю. .......... 312
Оценка канцерогенных и неканцерогенных рисков здоровью населения муниципальных образований Красноярского края
Черных Д.А., Тасейко О.В. ........ 316
Информационное моделирование пространственно-временных данных экологического мониторинга Красноярского водохранилища
Коробко А.В., Коробко А.А., Якубайлик Т.В....... 319

Contents
Semantic Modeling in Data Intensive Domains Conceptualization of Methods and Experiments in Data Intensive Research Domains. . . . .3
Nikolay A. Skvortsov, Leonid A. Kalinichenko, and Dmitry Yu Kovalev
Semantic Search in a Personal Digital Library . . .  18
Dmitriy Malakhov, Yuri Sidorenko, Olga Ataeva, and Vladimir Serebryakov
Knowledge and Learning Management Digital Ecosystem OntoMath: Mathematical Knowledge Analytics and Management. . . . . 33
Alexander Elizarov, Alexander Kirillovich, Evgeny Lipachev, and Olga Nevzorova
Development of Fuzzy Cognitive Map for Optimizing E-learning Course. . . .    47
Vasiliy S. Kireev
Text Mining Supporting Biological Pathway Curation Through Text Mining. . . 59
Sophia Ananiadou and Paul Thompson
Text Processing Framework for Emergency Event Detection in the Arctic Zone. . . 74
Dmitry Devyatkin and Artem Shelmanov
Fact Extraction from Natural Language Texts with Conceptual Modeling. . . .    89
Mikhail Bogatyrev
Data Infrastructures in Astrophysics Hybrid Distributed Computing Service Based on the DIRAC Interware . .  105
Victor Gergel, Vladimir Korenkov, Igor Pelevanyuk, Matvey Sapunov, Andrei Tsaregorodtsev, and Petr Zrelov
Hierarchical Multiple Stellar Systems. . . . . .  119
Nikolay A. Skvortsov, Leonid A. Kalinichenko, Dana A. Kovaleva, and Oleg Y. Malkov
Observations of Transient Phenomena in BSA Radio Survey at 110 MHz . . .   130
Vladimir A. Samodurov, Alexey S. Pozanenko, Alexander E. Rodin, Dmitry D. Churakov, Dmitry V. Dumskij, Evgeny A. Isaev, Andrey N. Kazantsev, Sergey V. Logvinenko, Vasily V. Oreshko, Maxim O. Toropov, and Maria I. Volobueva
Data Analysis Semantics and Verification of Entity Resolution and Data Fusion Operations via Transformation into a Formal Notation. . .  145
Sergey Stupnikov
A Study of Several Matrix-Clustering Vertical Partitioning Algorithms in a Disk-Based Environment . . . 163
Viacheslav Galaktionov, George Chernishev, Kirill Smirnov, Boris Novikov, and Dmitry A. Grigoriev
Clustering of Goods and User Profiles for Personalizing in E-commerce Recommender Systems Based on Real Implicit Data . . .  178
Victor N. Zakharov and Stanislav A. Philippov
On Data Persistence Models for Mobile Crowdsensing Applications . . .192
Dmitry Namiot and Manfred Sneps-Sneppe
Research Infrastructures The European Strategy in Research Infrastructures and Open Science Cloud. . .   207
Konstantinos M. Giannoutakis and Dimitrios Tzovaras
Creating Inorganic Chemistry Data Infrastructure for Materials Science Specialists . . .222
Nadezhda N. Kiselyova and Victor A. Dudarev
Visual Analytics of Multidimensional Dynamic Data with a Financial Case Study. . . .237
Dmitry D. Popov, Igal E. Milman, Victor V. Pilyugin, and Alexander A. Pasko
Metadata for Experiments in Nanoscience Foundries . . .  248
Vasily Bunakov, Tom Griffin, Brian Matthews, and Stefano Cozzini
Position Paper
Metrics and Rankings: Myths and Fallacies . . . .  265
Yannis Manolopoulos and Dimitrios Katsaros
Author Index ....... 281

Dissertation an der Fakult ̈at f ̈ur Physik der Ludwig–Maximilians–Universit ̈at Munchen angefertigt am Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie (KIT), Institut fur Meteorologie und Klimaforschung Atmospharische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU) Garmisch-Partenkirchen vorgelegt von Andreas Reichert aus Kosching Munchen, 24.10.2016

The aim of this work is to reduce the uncertainties of atmospheric radiative transfer calculations by improving the quantitative knowledge of the water vapor continuum using atmospheric measurements.   In  addition  to  line  absorption  and  emission, the water vapor continuum is responsible  for  a  significant  fraction  of  the  interaction  between  infrared  radiation  and atmospheric water vapor.  Due to the limitations of previous field and laboratory studies, there remains a lack of accurate measurements of the water vapor continuum throughout a significant fraction of the infrared spectral range, especially under atmospheric conditions.  The consequential significant uncertainties in atmospheric radiative transfer calculations lead to possible inaccuracies in climate models and numerous remote sensing techniques.  An accurate quantification of water vapor radiative processes is therefore of vital importance.
The study presented in this thesis relies on a radiative closure experiment, i.e.  a quantitative comparison of spectral radiance measurements with radiative transfer calculations in the spectral interval between 400 and 7800 cm−1 (1.3–25.0 μm).  The experiment was set up at the Zugspitze (47.42◦N, 10.98◦E, 2964 m a.s.l.)  high-altitude observatory and comprises thermal atmospheric emission spectra in the far infrared and solar FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) measurements covering the near infrared.  Several new methods were developed to improve the sensitivity of the closure compared to previous studies and to be able to cover spectral intervals previously not accessible to atmospheric continuum studies, e.g.  a new approach for the correction of sun-pointing inaccuracies in solar absorption spectrometry and for the radiometric calibration of near-infrared solar absorption spectra.
The method for quantification and correction of systematic sun-pointing inaccuracies in solar absorption spectrometry presented in this work relies on subsequent measurements of the Doppler shift of solar lines with differing orientations of the solar rotation axis relative to the zenith direction.  The proposed concept augments the sensitivity of the closure experiment by improving the accuracy of trace gas column measurements and the near-infrared radiometric calibration used in this study.  The mispointing correction is demonstrated using measurement time series of dry-air column-averaged mole fractions of methane (XCH4), for which consistency of  the  XCH4 trend  with  results  from  the  nearby  Garmisch  FTIR  site  (47.48◦N,  11.06◦E, 743 m a.s.l.)  is restored by applying the correction.
Water vapor continuum quantification from near-infrared solar absorption spectra requires sufficiently  accurate  radiometric  calibration  of  the  measured  spectra. A new calibration approach  presented  in  this  work  combines  the  Langley  technique  with  spectral  radiance measurements of a high-temperature blackbody calibration source.  The calibration scheme provides  a  calibration  accuracy  of  less  than  1 %  in  window  regions  and  up  to  2 %  within absorption  bands.   A  validation  of  this  calibration  uncertainty  estimate  is  performed  by investigation of calibration self-consistency, which yields compatible results within the estimated errors  for  91 %  of  the  2500  to  7800 cm⁻¹-range.   A  second  validation  effort  consists  in  a comparison of a set of calibrated spectra to radiative transfer model calculations, which are consistent within the estimated errors for 98 % of the spectral range.
The continuum results in the far infrared, namely in the 400 to 580 cm⁻¹ spectral range, are consistent with the widely used MT_CKD 2.5.2 (Mlawer et al., 2012) continuum model and with the findings of other recent atmospheric closure studies.  Throughout most of the spectral range covered by the near-infrared section of the closure study, the results presented in this work constitute the first quantification of the water vapor continuum absorption under atmospheric conditions.  The dry atmospheric conditions at the Zugspitze site enable continuum quantification even within water vapor absorption bands, while only upper limits for continuum absorption can be provided in the centers of window regions.  Throughout 75 % of the 2500 to 7800 cm⁻¹ spectral range, the Zugspitze results are agree within our estimated uncertainty with the MT_CKD 2.5.2-model.  Notable exceptions are the 2800 to 3000 cm⁻¹ and 4100 to 4200 cm−1 spectral ranges, where our measurements indicate about 5 times stronger continuum absorption than MT_CKD. The measurements are consistent with the laboratory measurements of Mondelain et al. (2015), which rely on cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CDRS), and the calorimetric-interferometric measurements of Bicknell et al. (2006).  Compared to the recent FTIR  laboratory  studies  of  Ptashnik  et  al.  (2012,  2013),  our  measurements  indicate  2–5 times weaker continuum absorption under atmospheric conditions in the wings of water vapor absorption bands, namely in the 3200 to 3400 cm⁻¹, 4050 to 4200 cm⁻¹, and 6950 to 7050 cm⁻¹ spectral regions.
The results obtained in this work constitute a significant contribution to the characterization of the water vapor continuum under atmospheric conditions and thereby add to decrease the water vapor-related uncertainties in atmospheric radiative transfer calculations.  Given that previously no results under atmospheric conditions were available in the near-infrared, the findings of this work are a valuable tool for the validation of the commonly used MT_CKD continuum model and allow resolving the inconsistencies between recent laboratory studies in this spectral range.  Additionally, the experimental setup established in this work provides the foundation to address further key questions considering the water vapor continuum in the future.  The findings of recent studies on the climate relevance of the water vapor continuum (Paynter and Ramaswamy, 2014; R̈adel et al., 2015) imply that the results presented in this thesis are expected to have a significant impact on climate models.  The likely effects comprise an adjustment of the surface energy budget through a decrease in both latent and sensible heat and, as a consequence, a reduction of tropical convection and rainfall.

This book deals with mathematical problems arising in the context of meteorological modelling. It gathers and presents some of the most interesting and important issues from the interaction of mathematics and meteorology. It is unique in that it features contributions on topics like data assimilation, ensemble prediction, numerical methods, and transport modelling, from both mathematical and meteorological perspectives.

The derivation and solution of all kinds of numerical prediction models require the application of results from various mathematical fields. The present volume is divided into three parts, moving from mathematical and numerical problems through air quality modelling, to advanced applications in data assimilation and probabilistic forecasting.

The book arose from the workshop “Mathematical Problems in Meteorological Modelling” held in Budapest in May 2014 and organized by the ECMI Special Interest Group on Numerical Weather Prediction. Its main objective is to highlight the beauty of the development fields discussed, to demonstrate their mathematical complexity and, more importantly, to encourage mathematicians to contribute to the further success of such practical applications as weather forecasting and climate change projections. Written by leading experts in the field, the book provides an attractive and diverse introduction to areas in which mathematicians and modellers from the meteorological community can cooperate and help each other solve the problems that operational weather centres face, now and in the near future.

Readers engaged in meteorological research will become more familiar with the corresponding mathematical background, while mathematicians working in numerical analysis, partial differential equations, or stochastic analysis will be introduced to further application fields of their research area, and will find stimulation and motivation for their future research work.

This edited volume provides the reader with a fully updated, in-depth treatise on the emerging principles, conceptual underpinnings, algorithms and practice of Computational Intelligence in the realization of concepts and implementation of models of sentiment analysis and ontology –oriented engineering.
The volume involves studies devoted to key issues of sentiment analysis, sentiment models, and ontology engineering. The book is structured into three main parts. The first part offers a comprehensive and prudently structured exposure to the fundamentals of sentiment analysis and natural language processing. The second part consists of studies devoted to the concepts, methodologies, and algorithmic developments elaborating on fuzzy linguistic aggregation to emotion analysis, carrying out interpretability of computational sentiment models, emotion classification, sentiment-oriented information retrieval, a methodology of adaptive dynamics in knowledge acquisition. The third part includes a plethora of applications showing how sentiment analysis and ontologies becomes successfully applied to investment strategies, customer experience management, disaster relief, monitoring in social media, customer review rating prediction, and ontology learning.
This book is aimed at a broad audience of researchers and practitioners. Readers involved in intelligent systems, data analysis, Internet engineering, Computational Intelligence, and knowledge-based systems will benefit from the exposure to the subject matter. The book may also serve as a highly useful reference material for graduate students and senior undergraduate students.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th IFIP WG 11.11 International Conference on Trust Management, IFIPTM 2016, held in Darmstadt, Germany, in July 2016. The 7 revised full papers and 7 short papers presented together with an invited paper were carefully reviewed and selected from 26 submissions. The papers cover a wide range of topics including trust architecture, trust modeling, trust metrics and computation, reputation and privacy, security and trust, sociotechnical aspects of trust, and attacks on trust and reputation systems.

Цель авторов данной коллективной монографии заключалась в представлении некоторых результатов работы, проводимой в Институте вычислительной математики РАН, по созданию численной модели земной системы, отвечающей современным требованиям и находящейся на переднем крае мировой научно-технологической деятельности в этом направлении. Эта модель используется как для прогноза будущих изменений климата, так и для исследования последствий этих изменений для экосистем суши и моря, газового состава атмосферы, земной электрической цепи и т.п.
Читателю предоставлена возможность ознакомиться с основами численных моделей климата, позволяющих находить с помощью средств вычислительной математики  решение систем полных трехмерных уравнений гидротермодинамики атмосферы и  океана с учетом всего разнообразия энергозначимых процессов, а также с постановками и методами решения задач, связанных с эволюцией компонент биогеохимической составляющей Земной системы.
Книга предназначена для широкого круга метеорологов, океанологов, климатологов, географов и вычислительных математиков, а также студентов и аспирантов перечисленных выше специальностей.
Ключевые слова: климат, численная модель, земная система, атмосфера, океан, криосфера, биогеохимия,
Институт вычислительной математики РАН, CMIP, IPCC.
УДК 519.6+519.8+551.3+551.5+551.465+574.4+574.5
ББК 22.18:26.3:26.23:26.221:28.080.3:28.082

Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ix
Introduction: What Is Ontology? What Is Metaontology? 1

Part I Quinean Metaontology
1  On Denoting 15
2  1948: On What There Is 23
3  The Standard View 34

Part II Alternative Metaontologies
4  Ontological Pluralism and Neo-Fregeanism 55
5  Carnap’s View of Ontology and Neo-Carnapians 68
6  Fictionalism 83
7  Meinongianism 99
8  The Grounding Approach 113

Part III Ontology
9  Abstract Objects I: Numbers & Co. 123
10  Abstract Objects II: Linguistic Types, Propositions and Values 152
11  Possible Worlds 163
12  Material Objects 181
13  Fictional Objects 199
14  Beyond Particulars: Properties and Events 211
References 229
Author Index 241
Subject Index 244

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th IFIP WG 11.11 International Conference on Trust Management, IFIPTM 2015, held in Hamburg, Germany, in May 2015. The 10 revised full papers and 5 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 28 submissions. In addition, the book contains one invited paper and 5 papers from a special session on trusted cloud ecosystems. The papers cover a wide range of topics including trust and reputation and models thereof, the relationship between trust and security, socio-technical aspects of trust, reputation and privacy, trust in the cloud and behavioural models of trust.

This book presents different methods for analyzing the body language (movement, position, use of personal space, silences, pauses and tone, the eyes, pupil dilation or constriction, smiles, body temperature and the like) for better understanding people’s needs and actions, including biometric data gathering and reading. Different studies described in this book indicate that sufficiently much data, information and knowledge can be gained by utilizing biometric technologies.
This is the first, wide-ranging book that is devoted completely to the area of intelligent decision support systems, biometrics technologies and their integrations.
This book is designated for scholars, practitioners and doctoral and master’s degree students in various areas and those who are interested in the latest biometric and intelligent decision making support problems and means for their resolutions, biometric and intelligent decision making support systems and the theory and practice of their integration and the opportunities for the practical use of biometric and intelligent decision making support.

This brief presents numerical methods for describing and calculating invariant phase space structures, as well as solving the classical and quantum equations of motion for polyatomic molecules. Examples covered include simple model systems to realistic cases of molecules spectroscopically studied.
Vibrationally excited and reacting molecules are nonlinear dynamical systems, and thus, nonlinear mechanics is the proper theory to elucidate molecular dynamics by investigating invariant structures in phase space. Intramolecular energy transfer, and the breaking and forming of a chemical bond have now found a rigorous explanation by studying phase space structures.

A fixed highest criterial velocity (of light) in STR (special theory of relativity) is a convention for a layer of physical inquiry. QM (Quantum Mechanics) avoids action-at-a-distance using this concept, but accepts non-causality and action-at-a-distance in EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Paradox) entanglement experiments. Even in such allegedly «non-causal» processes, something exists processually in extension-motion, between the causal and the «non-causal». If STR theoretically allows real-valued superluminal communication between EPR entangled particles, quantum processes become fully causal. That is, the QM world is sub-luminally, luminally and superluminally local-causal throughout, and the Law of Causality is ubiquitous in the micro-world. Thus, «probabilistic causality» is a merely epistemic term.

This volume contains papers presented at the 8th edition of the Formal Ontology in Information Systems conference, FOIS 2014, held September 22–25, 2014, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. For the first time in its history the conference hosted a special track Ontology Competition whose aim was to encourage ontology authors to make their ontologies publicly available and to subject them to evaluation according to a set of predetermined criteria. In addition, the conference hosted five more specialised workshops, namely: the Workshop on Modular Ontologies, the Joint Workshop Onto.Com/ODISE on Ontologies in Conceptual Modeling and Information Systems Engineering, the Workshop on Logics and Ontologies for Natural Language, the Information Artifact Ontologies Workshop, as well as the Workshop on Formal Ontologies Meet Industry. Moreover, the conference included an Early Career Symposium, giving starting researchers the opportunity to present their work and engage with senior scientists in their field as well as to meet and discuss their work with each other in a ‘PhD Lounge’.
We received 81 submissions to the main track of the conference, 15 submissions to the ontology competition, and 19 submissions to the Early Career Symposium, coming from 29 countries and marking a record number of submissions for the FOIS conference series. Based on the reviews we received from the programme committee we accepted 24 full papers (29,6% of submissions) and six short papers for the main track. The ontology competition track included eight papers—four of which were simultaneously accepted as full papers in the main track. Finally, the Early Career Symposium accepted ten of the
submitted proposals for presentation as posters and lightning talks in a dedicated session of the conference.
We briefly summarise the content of this volume in the following:

1. Main Track
As it usually happens at FOIS conferences, the variety of topics, methods, results, formalisms, etc. one can find in the papers is astonishing. In order to find some unity in this variety we grouped the main track papers into four broad categories and organised them in respective chapters of the proceedings as follows:
• Foundations
• Processes, Agency, and Dispositions
• Methods and Tools
• Applications
Regarding applications of ontologies, also a broad spectrum of areas is covered, including in particular biology and medicine, engineering, and economy.

Foundations
M. Grüninger, T. Hahmann, M. Katsumi and C. Chui, in their A Sideways Look at Upper Ontologies, present a new perspective on upper-level ontologies that does not interpret them as isolated representations but considers them as embedded in the context of collections of formal theories. An upper-level ontology is seen as a cross-section of generic concepts formally characterised by the theories in these collections. Logical Operators for Ontological Modeling, by S. Borgo, D. Porello and N. Troquard, puts forward the idea that formal logic can offer more to applied ontology than just first-order based languages. They show how some basic operators of linear logic can be used to provide a homogeneous reconstruction of three notions of artefact. The next two papers focus on the notion of void and its role in foundational ontology, in particular as applied to the domain of geology. In the paper entitled Interdependence among material objects and voids, T. Hahmann, B. Brodaric and M. Grüninger axiomatically characterise a type of dependence in which material endurants and immaterial voids participate and partici pants share their matter or voids they occupy. This type of dependence exhibits three main cases: two material endurants sharing matter, two voids (and their hosts) overlapping, or a void and a part of its host being in strong contact. In the paper titled Voids and material constitution across physical granularities, T. Hahmann and B. Brodaric define two types of constitution relation between physical objects and the matter they are made of: within and between granularity levels. M. Haemmerli and A. Varzi, in Adding Convexity to Mereotopology, show how to extend mereotopology with the operator line segment between points so that one can define the standard convexity predicate and the convex hull operator. The account depends on the availability of boundary elements in the domain of quantification, including mereotopological points. The last full paper in this group, A First-order Formalization of Event, Object, Process and Role in YAMATO, by S. Borgo and R. Mizoguchi, develops a first-order axiomatisation of a fragment of the upper level ontology YAMATO. The fragment under consideration includes such categories as events, objects, time instants and intervals, and relations such as causal contribution, enacting, participation, and constitution.
The Foundations group includes also one short paper. States, Events, and Truth-makers, by C. Masolo and A.B . Benevides, provides a formal theory of states as completely specified truth-makers.

Processes, Agency, and Dispositions
This chapter contains papers on processes, agency, and dispositions, and opens with a foundational article on the relation of participation – Mathematical Foundations for Participation Ontologies by C. Chui and M. Grüninger. They present three existing formalisations of the notion of participation, namely as found in PSL, DOLCE, and a set of OWL axioms provided by A. Gangemi, and verify them with respect to two new classes of structures: incidence bundles and incidence foliations. The next paper in this group, A formal theory for conceptualizing artefacts and tool manipulations, by N. Troquard, details a “pre-ontology” of artefacts and their manipulations: design, implementation, existence, use, and persistence. The logical background of this formal theory is defined by the logic of bringing-it-about.
Next, we have two papers on the Business Process Modelling Notation BPMN. The first paper, An ontology for the Business Process Modelling Notation, by M. Rospocher, C. Ghidini and L. Serafini, presents a formal description of the Business Process Modelling Notation in the language of OWL DL. As the authors note in the introduction “[. . . ] the BPMN Ontology provides an ontological formalization of BPMN as a graphical language, that is, it describes all the elements of the language and how they can be used to compose BPMN diagrams. It is not intended to provide an ontological analysis of these entities in a foundational fashion”. The second, a short paper, Events and Activities: Is there an Ontology behind BPMN?, by E. Sanfilippo, S. Borgo and C. Masolo, can be seen as a complementary effort since it provides an in-depth ontological analysis of BPMN events and activities.
In addition, this group contains two papers that focus on the notion of disposition.
A. Barton, R. Rovetto and R. Mizoguchi, in Newtonian Forces and Causation: A Dispositional Account, show how different kinds of forces (i.e., gravitational, electromagnetic and contact forces) can be formalised as dispositions. A force is seen here as a disposition of a given object that depends on the field exerting the force and on the accelerated motion of the object. The second paper, Resilience as a Disposition, by D. Daniel, aligns the notion of resilience to the Basic Formal Ontology description of disposition.
Finally, D. Porello, E. Bottazzi and R. Ferrario, in their The Ontology of Group Agency, formalise the notion of group agency developed by Ch. List and Ph. Pettit within the framework of the foundational ontology DOLCE. One of the specific characteristics of this approach is a multiplicative view of group agents, where a group agent is different from the aggregate of individuals that grounds it.

Methods and Tools
This chapter assembles papers related to various methods and tools in use in ontology development. The first paper, Aspect-Oriented Ontologies: Dynamic Modularization Using Ontological Metamodeling, by R. Schäfermeier and A. Paschke, studies how the paradigm of aspect-oriented programming may inspire a new approach to modularisation in applied ontology. In particular, the authors illustrate how the problem of recombination of modules can be solved using second-order logic under Henkin semantics, thereby reducing the problem to first-order logic. B. Bennett and C. Cialone, in their paper entitled Corpus Guided Sense Cluster Analysis: a methodology for ontology development (with examples from the spatial domain), develop the notion of a sense cluster as a cornerstone for a methodology of corpus guided analysis for gathering information about the range and frequency of senses associated with a lexical term. The analysis combines two types of investigation: (a) logic-based semantic analysis, and (b) corpus-based statistical analysis of the actual use of terminology. The paper Applying the Realism-Based Ontology-Versioning Method for Tracking Changes in the Basic Formal Ontology, by S. Seppälä, B. Smith and W. Ceusters, extends the realism-based ontology versioning strategy ‘Evolutionary Terminology Auditing’. In particular, the paper shows how this strategy can be deployed to track changes between different versions of the BFO ontology, namely BFO 1.0, BFO 1.1, and BFO 2.0.
This chapter also contains two short papers. The Unique Predication of Knowledge Elements and their Visualization and Factorization in Ontology, by Hermann Bense, proposes the notation of Ontological Graphs (OG) to visualise a number of types of model structures: data models, semantic networks, taxonomies, etc. The second short paper, Crowdsourcing Ontology Content and Curation: The Massive Ontology Interface, written by S. Sarjant, C. Legg, M. Stannett and D. Willcock, presents a web portal to support ontology crowd-sourcing.

Applications
Biology and Medicine. The first subcategory of Applications is all about biology and medicine. Within the context of the Component Library ontology, V. Chaudhri, N. Dinesh and S. Heymans define, in their paper Conceptual Models of Energy Transfer and Regulation, a number of concepts related to energy transfer and regulation. They show how their ontological representations can be used as components of the question-answer module of an ‘intelligent’ textbook. The next paper in this group, An Ontology-based Taxonomic Key for Afrotropical Bees, by A. Gerbera, C. Eardley, and N. Morar, demonstrates that morphological key data can be captured in a standardised format as an ontology. The ontology, as well as the key web-based application, form the basis of a suite of tools to support the taxonomic process in this domain. S. Schulz, C. Martínez Costa, D. Karlsson, R. Cornet, M. Brochhausen and A. Rector discuss, in An Ontological Analysis of Reference in Health Record Statements, five different formal representations of electronic health records, three using OWL-DL, one using OWL Full, and one using a query language. The different representations are evaluated against the computed entailments they provide and the ontological commitments they involve. ContoExam: an ontology on context-aware examinations, by P. Brandt, T. Basten and S. Stuijk, deals with the problem of semantic interoperability of sensor data. ContoExam is proposed as a solution to this problem – it is an applied ontology providing means for comparability and context-dependence of sensor data.
Engineering. The second subcategory in the group of application-focused papers concerns engineering, in particular software engineering. Towards an Ontology of Software: a Requirements Engineering Perspective, by X. Wang, N. Guarino, G. Guizzardi and J. Mylopoulos, is an ontological analysis of four types of software artefacts: programs, software systems, software products, and licensed software products. The authors argue that these types may be differentiated by means of different identity criteria and the essential properties of their instantiations. The second paper in this subcategory – An Ontological Analysis of the ISO/IEC 24744 Metamodel – concerns the ISO/IEC 24744 standard and the SEMDM metamodel defined therein. Its authors, F. B. Ruy, R. A. Falbo, M. P. Barcellos and G. Guizzardi, provide an ontological analysis of this model using the Unified Foundational Ontology. Finally, An Ontological Interpretation of Non-Functional Requirements, by R. Guizzardi, F.-L. Li, A. Borgida, G. Guizzardi, J. Horkoff and J.Mylopoulos, interprets the notion of non-functional requirements in terms of qualities as defined in the Unified Foundational Ontology. This interpretation gives way for the development of an ontology-based syntax to specify non-functional requirements. The paper An Ontological Core for Conformance Checking in the Engineering Life-cycle, by A. Jordan, M. Selway, W. Mayer, G. Grossmann and M. Stumptner, develops formalisations of the notion of artefact (in particular of information artefact), of artefactual roles and functions, and of notions related to the engineering life-cycle.

Economy. The third subcategory of application-focused papers concerns economy. N. Antonioli, F. Castanò, S. Coletta, S. Grossi, G. Stefano, D. Lembo, M. Lenzerini, A. Poggi, E. Virardi and P. Castracane, in their Ontology-based Data Management for the Italian Public Debt, present the OBDM (ontology-based data management) Project. The key idea behind this project is to deploy a three-level architecture: (i) the ontology, (ii) the data sources, and (iii) the mappings between the two. The ontology is a formal description of the domain of interest, specified in terms of formal descriptions of concepts, binary relations between concepts, and attributes.
The other two contributions in this group are short papers. J. Dietz, D. Aveiro, J. Pombinho and J. Hoogervorst, in An Ontology for the τ -theory of Enterprise Engineering, present the τ -theory ontology whose aim is to support enterprise engineering by clarifying a number of foundational concepts in this domain, such as: system, model, subject, object, function, purpose and value. The paper Unit of Organizational Learning Ontology based on LOM Standard and IMS Learning Design, by A. Menolli, H. S. Pinto, S. Reinehr and A. Malucelli, develops the ‘Unit of Organizational Learning Ontology’, which is based on instructional design and integrates distinct learning standards.

2. Ontology Competition
FOIS papers often refer to ontologies which are not publicly available, or to ontologies whose relations to other ontologies are not clearly specified. The aims of the FOIS 2014 ontology competition were: (1) to encourage ontology authors to make their ontologies publicly available and (2) to subject them to evaluation according to a set of pre-determined criteria. These criteria were identified at the Ontology Summit 2013 and comprise both informal criteria (intelligibility, fidelity, craftsmanship, fitness and deployability), as well as logically formalisable criteria (consistency, intended logical consequences, satisfaction by intended models, alignments with other ontologies, links to versions written in different languages).
From 15 submissions of ontologies (accompanied by explanatory papers), eight were selected by the FOIS Competition PC for presentation at the conference. Four of the submissions were simultaneously selected as FOIS technical papers, while the other four papers are included as dedicated competition short papers. The papers that were selected to enter the competition were:
1. C. Chui and M. Grüninger. Mathematical Foundations for Participation Ontologies
2. M. Rospocher, C. Ghidini and L. Serafini. An ontology for the Business Process Modelling Notation
3. P. Brandt, T. Basten and S. Stuijk. ContoExam: an ontology on context-aware examinations
4. N. Antonioli, F. Castanò, S. Coletta, G. Stefano, D. Lembo, M. Lenzerini, A. Poggi, E. Virardi and P. Castracane. Ontology-based Data Management for the Italian Public Debt
5. A. Barton, A. Rosier, A. Burgun and J.-F. Ethier. The Cardiovascular Disease Ontology
6. V. Chaudhri, D. Elenius, S. Hinojoza, and M. Wessel. KB Bio 101: Content and Challenges
7. M. Rospocher. An ontology for personalized environmental decision support
8. T. Breitsprecher, M. Codescu, C. Jucovschi, M. Kohlhase, L. Schröder and S. Wartzack. Towards Ontological Support for Principle Solutions for Mechanical Engineering
The first four papers can be found among the main track chapters as mentioned above, and the remaining four short papers are assembled in the last chapter of this volume. The ontologies themselves can be accessed at ontohub.org/fois-ontology-competition. We thank all the submitters and all the referees for their valuable work and hope that the Ontology Competition will become an integral part of FOIS.
Winners of the FOIS competition as well as the FOIS best paper award were announced during the conference. Awards and runners-up can be found at iaoa.org/fois/.

Artificial intelligence, or AI, is a cross-disciplinary approach to understanding, modeling, and creating intelligence of various forms. It is a critical branch of cognitive science, and its influence is increasingly being felt in other areas, including the humanities. AI applications are transforming the way we interact with each other and with our environment, and work in artificially modeling intelligence is offering new insights into the human mind and revealing new forms mentality can take. This volume of original essays presents the state of the art in AI, surveying the foundations of the discipline, major theories of mental architecture, the principal areas of research, and extensions of AI such as artificial life. With a focus on theory rather than technical and applied issues, the volume will be valuable not only to people working in AI, but also to those in other disciplines wanting an authoritative and up-to-date introduction to the field.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th IFIP WG 11.11 International Conference on Trust Management, IFIPTM 2014, held in Singapore, in July 2014. The 12 revised full papers and 5 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 36 submissions. In addition, the book contains one invited paper. The papers cover a wide range of topics focusing on the following main areas: trust and reputation models; privacy issues and social and behavioral models of trust; the relationship between trust and security; trust under attacks and trust in the cloud environment.

We are witnessing more and wider use of ICT technologies, in particular for business purposes. Software and hardware solutions based on simple data processing and visualization don’t provide capabilities for advanced data analysis, decision supporting and processing of large data sets aimed at extraction of relevant information. This gave rise to researchers’ and business sector’s interest in solutions for processing and acquisition of information.
Futurists and scientists alike profess the coming of a new era in the history – the knowledge era. The notion of knowledge is as old as humans’ self-consciousness, but new challenges appear. The meaning of the word “knowledge” is changing from cognitive notion to a technical term denoting a structured economic resource to be actively managed.
The same process of change applies to the notion of intelligence. Nowadays the feature of being “intelligent” may be attributed not only to humans, but also to computer systems. Therefore it is not surprising that intelligent systems may be used to actively man age knowledge in an enterprise. And one of the best answers from computer scientists to knowledge managers is the use the Business ICT, such as Business Intelligence, reasoning systems, advanced technologies of data processing, content processing and information indexing, knowledge management for better decision support, collaboration and competitiveness, and may others.
This contributed volume is a result of vivid and extremely valuable discussions held at 3rd International Workshop on Advances in Business ICT (ABICT) in Wroclaw, Poland, September 9-12, 2012. The workshop focused on Advances in Business ICT approached from a multidisciplinary perspective. It provided an international forum for scientists/experts from academia and industry to discuss and exchange current results, applications, new ideas of ongoing research and experience on all aspects of Business Intelligence.
ABICT has also been an opportunity to demonstrate different ideas and tools for developing and supporting organizational creativity, as well as advances in decision support systems.
This book is of interest to researchers, widely understood business, public sector and IT professionals. It consists of eight chapters which present a broad spectrum of research results on business intelligence systems design and implementation, business processes modeling, business rules description languages, problems of data integration from enterprise data warehouses, performance issues of simulation models, possibilities of using temporal logics for knowledge management and problems of legal information digitalization and legal text processing.

Big Data from Space refers to Earth and space observation data collected by space-borne and ground-based sensors. Whether for Earth or space observation, they qualify being called ’big data’ given the sheer volume of sensed data (archived data reaching the exabytes scale), their high velocity (new data is acquired almost on a continuous basis and with an increasing rate), their variety (data is delivered by sensors acting over various frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum in passive and active modes), as well as their veracity (sensed data is associated with uncertainty and accuracy measurements). Last but not least, the value of big data from space depends on our capacity to extract information and meaning from them.
Big Data from Space is an emerging domain given the recent sharp increase in all three main dimensions of big data: volume, velocity, and variety. Fortunately, this increase is paralleled by tremendous amount of new developments related to big data in other fields and enabled by technological breakthroughs and new challenges in hardware and software developments, multi-temporal data analysis, data management and information extraction technologies. In addition, the recent multiplication of open access initiatives to big data from space is giving momentum to the field by widening substantially the spectrum of users as well as awareness among the public while offering new opportunities for scientists and value-added companies. This is especially true for Space Science with the processing and data volume challenges given by the Gaia mission which aims to build a catalogue of approximately 1 billion astronomical stars, and for Earth Observation (EO) data with the public release of the complete archive of Landsat data by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). At an even larger scale, the ambitious and unique European Union Copernicus programme1 whose Sentinel missions operated by the European Space Agency will deliver free and open access to global data in the microwave and optical/infrared ranges. The first one, Sentinel-1A, has been launched on the 3rd of April 2014 and is already delivering high resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) global data every 12 days at a daily
rate of 2.5 TB.
Following the advent of the big data from space era confirmed by the success of the Big Data from Space event organised by the European Space Agency (ESA) in June 2013, this 2014 conference on Big Data from Space (BiDS’14) was co-organised by ESA, the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the  European Commission, and the European Union Satellite Centre (SatCen). It was held at the ESA Centre for Earth Observation (ESRIN), Frascati, 12th–14th November 2014. The conference brought together researchers, engineers, developers, users in the area of Big Data in the space sector. The focus is on the whole data life cycle, ranging from data acquisition by space borne and ground-based sensors to data management, analysis and exploitation in the domains of Earth Observation, Space Science, Space Engineering, Space Weather, etc. Special emphasis is put on highlighting synergies and crossfertilisation opportunities.

In this engaging and wide-ranging new book, Nikk Effingham provides an introduction to contemporary ontology - the study of what exists - and its importance for philosophy today.

He covers the key topics in the field, from the ontology of holes, numbers and possible worlds, to space, time and the ontology of material objects - for instance, whether there are composite objects such as tables, chairs or even you and me. While starting from the basics, every chapter is up-to-date with the most recent developments in the field, introducing both longstanding theories and cutting-edge advances. As well as discussing the latest issues in ontology, Effingham also helpfully deals in-depth with different methodological principles (including theory choice, Quinean ontological commitment and Meinongianism) and introduces them alongside an example ontological theory that puts them into practice.

This accessible and comprehensive introduction will be essential reading for upper-level undergraduate and post-graduate students, as well as any reader interested in the present state of the subject.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th IFIP WG 11.11 International Conference on Trust Management, IFIPTM 2013, held in Malaga, Spain, in June 2013. The 14 revised full papers and 9 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 62 submissions. The papers cover a wide range of topics focusing on multi-disciplinary areas such as: trust models, social foundations of trust, trust in networks, mobile systems and cloud computation, privacy, reputation systems, and identity management.

This book is about a significant step forward in software development. It brings state-of-the-art ontology reasoning into mainstream software development and its languages. Ontology Driven Software Development is the essential, comprehensive resource on enabling technologies, consistency checking and process guidance for ontology-driven software development (ODSD). It demonstrates how to apply ontology reasoning in the lifecycle of software development, using current and emerging standards and technologies. You will learn new methodologies and infrastructures, additionally illustrated using detailed industrial case studies.
The book will help you:
Learn how ontology reasoning allows validations of structure models and key tasks in behavior models.Understand how to develop ODSD guidance engines for important software development activities, such as requirement engineering, domain modeling and process refinement.Become familiar with semantic standards, such as the Web Ontology Language (OWL) and the SPARQL query language.Make use of ontology reasoning, querying and justification techniques to integrate software models and to offer guidance and traceability supports.
This book is helpful for undergraduate students and professionals who are interested in studying how ontologies and related semantic reasoning can be applied to the software development process. In addition, itwill also be useful for postgraduate students, professionals and researchers who are going to embark on their research in areas related to ontology or software engineering.

Классическая (шенноновская) теория информации измеряет количество информации, заключённой в случайных величинах. В середине 1960-х годов А. Н. Колмогоров (и другие авторы) предложили измерять количество информации в конечных объектах с помощью теории алгоритмов, определив сложность объекта как минимальную длину программы, порождающей этот объект. Эт о определение по служило о сновой для алгоритмиче ской теории информации, а также для алгоритмической теории вероятностей: объект считается случайным, если его сложность близка к максимальной. Предлагаемая книга содержит подробное изложение о сновных понятий алгоритмической теории информации и теории вероятностей, а также наиболе е важных работ, выполненных в рамках «колмогоровского семинара по сложности определений и сложности вычислений», основанного А.Н.Колмогоровым в начале 1980-х годов.
Книга рассчитана на студентов и аспирантов математических факультетов и факультетов теоретической информатики.

The impacts of climate change are exacerbated by inefficient adaptation and mitigation decision making, due to the complexity of the decision-making environment. As a consequence, there is no single approach to planning and decision making. Climate change adaptation falls squarely in the domain of wicked problems that require collective learning and new modes of decision making and collaboration.
Decision making is often perceived and practiced as a linear activity, from identification  ofproblem to search for alternative solutions, followed by decision making and implementation. Systems Thinking and Adaptive Management, in contrast, tend to use these steps in a cyclical fashion (i.e., a feedback system). Systems Thinking, in addition, views a problemin isolation but as part of a larger system or context. Feedback is a key concept in Systems Thinking which is formally recognised and scientifically modelled.
This report summarises Systems Thinking Tools for climate change adaptation. These tools can be used individually or in combination to provide integrative, participatory and synergistic approaches to climate change initiatives, policy design and adaptation. For users’ convenience, a Systems Thinking Tool Selection Chart is provided as a quick guide for tool selection.

Table of Contents
Executive Summary.....1031
12.1 Introduction.....1034
12.2 Climate Model Ensembles and Sources of Uncertainty from Emissions to Projections .....1035
12.2.1 The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and Other Tools.....1035
12.2.2 General Concepts: Sources of Uncertainties .....1035
12.2.3 From Ensembles to Uncertainty Quantification ......1040
Box 12.1: Methods to Quantify Model Agreement in Maps......1041
12.2.4 Joint Projections of Multiple Variables.........1044
12.3 Projected Changes in Forcing Agents, Including Emissions and Concentrations ......1044
12.3.1 Description of Scenarios......1045
12.3.2 Implementation of Forcings in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5  Experiments ....1047
12.3.3 Synthesis of Projected Global Mean Radiative Forcing for the 21st Century......1052
12.4 Projected Climate Change over the 21st Century......1054
12.4.1 Time-Evolving Global Quantities.......1054
12.4.2 Pattern Scaling .......1058
12.4.3 Changes in Temperature and Energy Budget .....1062
12.4.4 Changes in Atmospheric Circulation ......1071
12.4.5 Changes in the Water Cycle......1074
12.4.6 Changes in Cryosphere.....1087
12.4.7 Changes in the Ocean ....1093
12.4.8 Changes Associated with Carbon Cycle Feedbacks and Vegetation Cover....1096
12.4.9 Consistency and Main Differences Between Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3/Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and Special Report on Emission Scenarios /Representative Concentration Pathways ......1099
12.5 Climate Change Beyond 2100, Commitment, Stabilization and Irreversibility .....1102
12.5.1 Representative Concentration Pathway Extensions.....1102
12.5.2 Climate Change Commitment ......1102
12.5.3 Forcing and Response, Time Scales of Feedbacks ....1105
12.5.4 Climate Stabilization and Long-term Climate Targets ......1107
Box 12.2: Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity and Transient Climate Response....1110
12.5.5 Potentially Abrupt or Irreversible Changes...1114
References .....1120
Frequently Asked Questions
FAQ 12.1 Why Are So Many Models and Scenarios Used to Project Climate Change?....1036
FAQ 12.2 How Will the Earth’s Water Cycle Change? .......1084
FAQ 12.3 What Would Happen to Future Climate if We Stopped Emissions Today? ....1106

Table of Contents
Executive Summary.......955
11.1   Introduction.....958
Box 11.1: Climate Simulation, Projection, Predictability and Prediction .....959
11.2 Near-term Predictions.....962
11.2.1 Introduction.....962
11.2.2 Climate Prediction on Decadal Time Scales....965
11.2.3 Prediction Quality.....966
11.3 Near-term Projections.....978
11.3.1 Introduction......978
11.3.2 Near-term Projected Changes in the Atmosphere and Land Surface.....980
11.3.3 Near-term Projected Changes in the Ocean.....993
11.3.4 Near-term Projected Changes in the Cryosphere....995
11.3.5 Projections for Atmospheric Composition and Air Quality to 2100 ....996
11.3.6 Additional Uncertainties in Projections of Near-term Climate ........1004
Box 11.2: Ability of Climate Models to Simulate Observed Regional Trends.....1013
References .....1015
Frequently Asked Questions
FAQ 11.1 If You Cannot Predict the Weather Next Month, How Can You Predict Climate for the Coming Decade? .....964
FAQ 11.2 How Do Volcanic Eruptions Affect Climate and Our Ability to Predict Climate?....1008

Table of Contents
Executive Summary
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Evaluation of Detection and Attribution Methodologies
10.2.1 The Context of Detection and Attribution
10.2.2 Time Series Methods, Causality and Separating Signal from Noise
Box 10.1: How Attribution Studies Work
10.2.3 Methods Based on General Circulation Models and Optimal Fingerprinting
10.2.4 Single-Step and Multi-Step Attribution and the Role of the Null Hypothesis
10.3 Atmosphere and Surface
10.3.1 Temperature
Box 10.2: The Sun’s Influence on the Earth’s Climate
10.3.2 Water Cycle
10.3.3 Atmospheric Circulation and Patterns of Variability
10.4 Changes in Ocean Properties
10.4.1 Ocean Temperature and Heat Content
10.4.2 Ocean Salinity and Freshwater Fluxes
10.4.3 Sea Level
10.4.4 Oxygen and Ocean Acidity
10.5   Cryosphere
10.5.1 Sea Ice
10.5.2 Ice Sheets, Ice Shelves and Glaciers
10.5.3 Snow Cover
10.6   Extremes
10.6.1 Attribution of Changes in Frequency/Occurrence and Intensity of Extremes
10.6.2 Attribution of Weather and Climate Events
10.7 Multi-century to Millennia Perspective
10.7.1 Causes of Change in Large-Scale Temperature over the Past Millennium
10.7.2 Changes of Past Regional Temperature
10.7.3 Summary: Lessons from the Past
10.8 Implications for Climate System Properties and Projections
10.8.1 Transient Climate Response
10.8.2 Constraints on Long-Term Climate Change and the Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity
10.8.3 Consequences for Aerosol Forcing and Ocean Heat Uptake
10.8.4 Earth System Properties
10.9   Synthesis
10.9.1 Multi-variable Approaches
10.9.2 Whole Climate System
References 
Frequently Asked Questions
FAQ 10.1 Climate Is Always Changing. How Do We Determine the Causes of Observed Changes?
FAQ 10.2  When Will Human Influences on Climate Become Obvious on Local Scales?
Supplementary Material Supplementary Material is available in online versions of the report.

The evidence of climate change from observations of the atmosphere and surface has grown significantly during recent years. At the same time new improved ways of characterizing and quantifying uncertainty have highlighted the challenges that remain for developing long-term global and regional climate quality data records. A number of changes in the astmopshere are evaluated and quantified for the IPCC AR5 WG1 report

Table of Contents
Executive Summary.............................................................161
2.1    Introduction.................................................................164
2.2 Changes in Atmospheric Composition....................... 165   
 2.2.1 Well-Mixed Greenhouse Gases.............................. 165   
 Box 2.1: Uncertainty in Observational Records................ 165   
 2.2.2 Near-Term Climate Forcers...................................... 170
 2.2.3 Aerosols..................................................................... 174   
 Box 2.2: Quantifying Changes in the Mean: Trend Models and Estimation....... 179
2.3 Changes in Radiation Budgets..................................... 180   
 2.3.1 Global Mean Radiation Budget................................. 181
 2.3.2 Changes in Top of the Atmosphere Radiation Budget .........182
 2.3.3 Changes in Surface Radiation Budget..................... 183
 Box 2.3: Global Atmospheric Reanalyses......................... 185
2.4 Changes in Temperature............................................... 187   
 2.4.1 Land Surface Air Temperature.................................. 187
 2.4.2 Sea Surface Temperature and Marine Air Temperature ..... 190
 2.4.3 Global Combined Land and Sea Surface Temperature ...... 192   
 2.4.4 Upper Air Temperature............................................. 194
2.5 Changes in Hydrological Cycle.................................... 201   
 2.5.1 Large-Scale Changes in Precipitation....................  201   
 2.5.2 Streamflow and Runoff............................................. 204   
 2.5.3 Evapotranspiration Including Pan Evaporation........ 205   
 2.5.4 Surface Humidity....................................................... 205   
 2.5.5 Tropospheric Humidity.............................................. 206
 2.5.6 Clouds....................................................................... 208
2.6 Changes in Extreme Events......................................... 208   
 2.6.1 Temperature Extremes............................................. 209   
 2.6.2 Extremes of the Hydrological Cycle........................ 213   
 2.6.3 Tropical Storms........................................................ 216   
 2.6.4 Extratropical Storms................................................. 217   
 Box 2.4: Extremes Indices................................................ 221
2.7 Changes in Atmospheric Circulation and Patterns of Variability .... 223
 2.7.1 Sea Level Pressure................................................. 223   
 2.7.2 Surface Wind Speed............................................... 224   
 2.7.3 Upper-Air Winds...................................................... 226
 2.7.4 Tropospheric Geopotential Height and Tropopause...... 226   
 2.7.5 Tropical Circulation................................................. 226   
 2.7.6 Jets, Storm Tracks and Weather Types................ 229   
 2.7.7 Stratospheric Circulation................................. ....... 230   
 2.7.8 Changes in Indices of Climate Variability.............. 230   
 Box 2.5: Patterns and Indices of Climate Variability....... 232
References     ................................................................... 237
Frequently Asked Questions   
 FAQ 2.1  How Do We Know the World Has Warmed?...198
 FAQ 2.2  Have There Been Any Changes in Climate Extremes? ...... 218
Supplementary Material Supplementary Material is available in online versions of the report.

Foreword
Contents
Front Matter
Foreword
Preface
Dedication
Summary for Policymakers
Technical Summary
Chapters
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Observations : Atmosphere and Surface
Chapter 3 Observations: Ocean
Chapter 4 Observations: Cryosphere
Chapter 5 Information from Paleoclimate Archives
Chapter 6 Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles
Chapter 7 Clouds and Aerosols
Chapter 8 Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing
Chapter 9 Evaluation of Climate Models
Chapter 10 Detection and Attribution of Climate Change: from Global to Regional
Chapter 11 Near-term Climate Change: Projections and Predictability
Chapter 12 Long-term Climate Change: Projections, Commitments and Irreversibility
Chapter 13 Sea Level Change
Chapter 14 Climate Phenomena and their Relevance for Future Regional Climate Change
Annexes
Annex I Atlas of Global and Regional Climate Projections
Annex II Climate System Scenario Tables
Annex III Glossary
Annex IV Acronyms
Annex V Contributors to the IPCC WGI Fifth Assessment Report
Annex VI Expert Reviewers of the IPCC WGI Fifth Assessment Report
Index

• Разработанные спектроскопические модели воспроизводят всю совокупность наблюдаемых энергетических и радиационных свойств синглет-триплетных комплексов различных изотопологов димеров щелочных металлов NaRb, NaCs, KCs и Cs₂ на экспериментальном уровне точности, что составляет 0.003-0.02 cм−1 для энергии ровибронных термов и 5-15% для радиационных свойств, соответственно. Адекватность предложенных моделей подтверждается масс инвариантностью полученных эмпирических параметров.
• Локально и регулярно возмущенные уровни низколежащих возбужденных состояний полярных димеров NaRb, NaCs, KCs и RbCs могут быть эффективно использованы в двухступенчатой схеме лазерно-стимулированной конверсии слабосвязанных ультра холодных атомных пар на низший по энергии уровень основного молекулярного состояния: a³Σ⁺(X ¹Σ⁺ ) → A¹Σ⁺ ∼ b³Π → X ¹Σ⁺ (v = 0, J = 0) и X ¹Σ+ (a³Σ⁺ ) → (4)¹Σ⁺ → X ¹Σ⁺ (v = 0, J = 0).
• Сильные внутримолекулярные взаимодействия приводят к неприменимости выводов одноканальной осцилляционной теоремы, что проявляется в изменении числа и положений экстремумов многоканальной неадиабатической волновой функции и ведет к «неожиданному» перераспределению интенсивностей в колебательной структуре спектров лазерно- индуцированной флуоресценции.
• Аппроксимация межатомных потенциалов компактными аналитическими функциями с правильным асимптотическим поведением, вовлечение в оптимизационную процедуру данных высокоточных расчетов ab initio, а также эмпирическое морфирование матричных элементов спин-орбитального взаимодействия существенно повышает не только интерполяционные, но экстраполяционные возможности разрабатываемых моделей.
• Проведенные расчеты ab initio электронной структуры возбужденных состояний димеров щелочных металлов позволяют оценить начальные параметры спин-орбитального взаимодействия и дипольных моментов электронных переходов c неопределенностью в несколько процентов, что оказывается достаточным для однозначного колебательного отнесения сильно возмущенных уровней синглет-триплетных A ∼ b комплексов.

The main aim of this study is to calculate a high temperature list of line positions and intensities for H₂32S. The results will form an important addition to the databases used for space applications, as well as laboratory investigations and pollution studies. The Dvr3d program suite is used to calculate the bound ro-vibrational energy levels, and dipole moment transition intensities. The most accurate available potential energy surface is empirically determined. This surface is used in our calculations after refining it by fitting to the up-to-date experimental data. For accurate line intensities, an accurate dipole moment surface (DMS) is needed. Constructing an accurate DMS for H₂S is well known to be difficult. A systematic ab initio study for the DMS has been performed. Different methods were tested in conjunctions with different basis sets taking into account the relativistic corrections and core-valence effects. The resulting (ATY2013) line list should be valid from 0 to 9000 cm⁻¹ and for temperature up to 2000 K. ATY2013 with cut off intensity of order 10⁻³¹ cm⁻¹ /(molecule×cm ⁻² ), at room temperature contains ∼5 ×10⁵ transitions comparing to ∼2.8 × 10⁴ experimentally available transitions, and  at ∼36 × 10⁶ transitions 2000 K.
In addition, the pure rotational transition frequencies of H₂S in natural abundance in its ground and first excited vibrational states have been recorded at room temperature at 0.005 cm⁻¹ resolution in the region 45 to 360 cm⁻¹ with a globar continuum source at SOLEIL synchrotron. 2400 rotational lines transitions are assigned to ground vibrational state transitions of the three isotopologues H₂³²S, H₂³³S and H₂³⁴S where 65% of them are new. 91 rotational transitions of H₂³⁶S were identified for the first time, as well as 406 rotational lines of H₂³²S and H₂³⁴S in their first excited bending vibrational state were recorded and analysed for the first time.

This book brings together philosophers, mathematicians and logicians to penetrate important problems in the philosophy and foundations of mathematics. In philosophy, one has been concerned with the opposition between constructivism and classical mathematics and the different ontological and epistemological views that are reflected in this opposition. The dominant foundational framework for current mathematics is classical logic and set theory with the axiom of choice (ZFC). This framework is, however, laden with philosophical difficulties. One important alternative foundational programme that is actively pursued today is predicativistic constructivism based on Martin-Löf type theory. Associated philosophical foundations are meaning theories in the tradition of Wittgenstein, Dummett, Prawitz and Martin-Löf. What is the relation between proof-theoretical semantics in the tradition of Gentzen, Prawitz, and Martin-Löf and Wittgensteinian or other accounts of meaning-as-use? What can proof-theoretical analyses tell us about the scope and limits of constructive and predicative mathematics?

Table of contents :
Front Matter....Pages i-xxvii
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Kant and Real Numbers....Pages 3-23
Wittgenstein’s Diagonal Argument: A Variation on Cantor and Turing....Pages 25-44
Truth and Proof in Intuitionism....Pages 45-67
Real and Ideal in Constructive Mathematics....Pages 69-85
In the Shadow of Incompleteness: Hilbert and Gentzen....Pages 87-127
Evolution and Logic....Pages 129-138
The “Middle Wittgenstein” and Modern Mathematics....Pages 139-159
Primitive Recursive Arithmetic and Its Role in the Foundations of Arithmetic: Historical and Philosophical Reflections....Pages 161-180
Front Matter....Pages 181-181
Type Theory and Homotopy....Pages 183-201
A Computational Interpretation of Forcing in Type Theory....Pages 203-213
Program Testing and the Meaning Explanations of Intuitionistic Type Theory....Pages 215-241
Normativity in Logic....Pages 243-263
Constructivist Versus Structuralist Foundations....Pages 265-279
Machine Translation and Type Theory....Pages 281-311
Constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel Set Theory, Power Set, and the Calculus of Constructions....Pages 313-349
Coalgebras as Types Determined by Their Elimination Rules....Pages 351-369
Second Order Logic, Set Theory and Foundations of Mathematics....Pages 371-380
Back Matter....Pages 381-385

This book exhibits deep philosophical quandaries and intricacies of the historical development of science lying behind a simple and fundamental item of common sense in modern science, namely the composition of water as H2O. Three main phases of development are critically re-examined, covering the historical period from the 1760s to the 1860s: the Chemical Revolution (through which water first became recognized as a compound, not an element), early electrochemistry (by which water’s compound nature was confirmed), and early atomic chemistry (in which water started out as HO and became H2O). In each case, the author concludes that the empirical evidence available at the time was not decisive in settling the central debates and therefore the consensus that was reached was unjustified or at least premature. This leads to a significant re-examination of the realism question in the philosophy of science and a unique new advocacy for pluralism in science. Each chapter contains three layers, allowing readers to follow various parts of the book at their chosen level of depth and detail. The second major study in "complementary science", this book offers a rare combination of philosophy, history and science in a bid to improve scientific knowledge through history and philosophy of science.

Table of contents :
Front Matter i-xxi
Water and the Chemical Revolution 1-70
Electrolysis: Piles of Confusion and Poles of Attraction 71-131
HO or H₂O? How Chemists Learned to Count Atoms 133-201
Active Realism and the Reality of H₂O 203-251
Pluralism in Science: A Call to Action 253-301
Back Matter 303-31

This book offers both a naturalistic and critical theory of signs, minds, and meaning-in-the-world. It provides a reconstructive rather than deconstructive theory of the individual, one which both analytically separates and theoretically synthesizes a range of faculties that are often confused and conflated: agency (understood as a causal capacity), subjectivity (understood as a representational capacity), selfhood (understood as a reflexive capacity), and personhood (understood as a sociopolitical capacity attendant on being an agent, subject, or self). It argues that these facilities are best understood from a semiotic stance that supersedes the usual intentional stance. And, in so doing, it offers a pragmatism-grounded approach to meaning and mediation that is general enough to account for processes that are as embodied and embedded as they are articulated and enminded. In particular, while this theory is focused on human-specific modes of meaning, it also offers a general theory of meaning, such that the agents, subjects and selves in question need not always, or even usually, map onto persons. And while this theory foregrounds agents, persons, subjects and selves, it does this by theorizing processes that often remain in the background of such (often erroneously) individuated figures: ontologies (akin to culture, but generalized across agentive collectivities), interaction (not only between people, but also between people and things, and anything outside or in-between), and infrastructure (akin to context, but generalized to include mediation at any degree of remove).

University of York, Ph. D. Dissertation on Computer Science

This thesis addresses two problems of trust:
1. Knowledge on Trust
If  we  are  provided  with  information  by  a  variety  of individuals, whom we trust to different degrees, what is the best overall theory we can form from the information we are given?
2. Social Trust
If one does not have direct experience of an individual, how can one establish an initial degree of trust through the offices of society? It addresses the first problem by developing a formal, mathematical and computational, model of Bonjour’s Coherence Theory of Knowledge, and the second by adapting abstract argumentation theory to reason about networks of relationships of trust and distrust between individuals.  In developing the latter it develops a notion of generalised argumentation systems,  giving their semantics via the Galois Connections induced by binary relations, and provides a general scheme of evaluation of these systems based on propositional model finding.
Throughout, some effort is made to set the work in the context of both theories of trust and of the day-to-day trust situations that one encounters in everyday life.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 6th IFIP WG 11.11 International Conference, IFIPTM 2012, held in Surat, India, in May 2012. The 12 revised full papers presented together with 8 short papers and the abstracts of 4 keynote talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 51 submissions. Building on the traditions inherited from the iTrust and previous IFIPTM conferences, IFIPTM 2012 is a multi-disciplinary conference focusing on areas such as: trust models, social, economic and behavioural aspects of trust, trust in networks, mobile systems and cloud computation, privacy, reputation systems, and identity management.

Extreme weather and climate events, interacting with exposed and vulnerable human and natural systems, can lead to disasters. This Special Report explores the challenge of understanding and managing the risks of climate extremes to advance climate change adaptation.
Weather- and climate-related disasters have social as well as physical dimensions. As a result, changes in the frequency and severity of the physical events affect disaster risk, but so do the spatially diverse and temporally dynamic patterns of exposure and vulnerability.
Some types of extreme weather and climate events have increased in frequency or magnitude, but populations and assets at risk have also increased, with consequences for disaster risk. Opportunities for managing risks of weather- and climate-related disasters exist or can be developed at any scale, local to international. Some strategies for effectively managing risks and adapting to climate change involve adjustments to current activities. Others require transformation or fundamental change.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for the assessment of climate change, including the physical science of climate; impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability; and mitigation of climate change. The IPCC was established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to provide the world with a comprehensive assessment of the current state of knowledge of climate change and its potential environmental and socioeconomic impacts.

Contents
List of Figures xxi
List of Tables xxv
Symbol Description I
Basic Concepts xxvii

1 Ontologies and Applications of Ontologies in Biomedicine          3
1.1 What Is an Ontology?                                            3
1.2 Ontologies and Bio-Ontologies                                   5
1.3 Ontologies for Data Organization, Integration, and Searching    6
1.4 Computer Reasoning with Ontologies                              9
1.5 Typical Applications of Bio-Ontologies                          10

2 Mathematical Logic and Inference 11
2.1 Representation and Logic  11
2.2 Propositional Logic  13
2.3 First-Order Logic  18
2.4 Sets  25
2.5 Description Logic  29
2.5.1 Description Language AL  29
2.5.2 Description Language ALC  31
2.5.3 Further Description Logic Constructors 32
2.6 Exercises and Further Reading  36

3 Probability Theory and Statistics for Bio-Ontologies 41
3.1 Probability Theory  41
3.1.1 Hypothesis Testing  43
3.1.2 p-Values and Probability Distributions  44
3.1.3 Multiple-Testing Correction  51
3.2 Bayes’ Theorem  56
3.3 Introduction to Graphs  58
3.4 Bayesian Networks  62
3.5 Exercises and Further Reading  64

4 Ontology Languages 67
4.1 OBO  67
4.1.1 OBO Stanzas  68
4.1.2 Intersections: Computable Definitions 70
4.2 OWL and the Semantic Web  71
4.2.1 Resource Description Framework  72
4.2.2 RDF Schema  78
4.2.3 The Web Ontology Language OWL  85
4.2.4 OBO, RDF, RDFS, and OWL  95
4.3 Exercises and Further Reading  99

II Bio-Ontologies 113

5 The Gene Ontology 115
5.1 A Tool for the Unification of Biology  115
5.2 Three Subontologies  117
5.2.1 Molecular Function  117
5.2.2 Biological Process  117
5.2.3 Cellular Component  118
5.3 Relations in GO  120
5.4 GO Annotations  121
5.4.1 Evidence for Gene Functions  124
5.4.2 Inferred from Electronic Annotation  127
5.4.3 The True Path Rule and Propagation of Annotations 128
5.5 GO Slims  133
5.6 Exercises and Further Reading  134

6 Upper-Level Ontologies 139
6.1 Basic Formal Ontology  139
6.2 The Big Divide: Continuants and Occurrents 140
6.2.1 Continuants  141
6.2.2 Occurrents  142
6.3 Universals and Particulars  142
6.4 Relation Ontology  143
6.5 Revisiting Gene Ontology  147
6.6 Revisiting GO Annotations  148
6.7 Exercises and Further Reading 150

7 A Selective Survey of Bio-Ontologies 153
7.1 OBO Foundry  153
7.2 The National Center for Biomedical Ontology  155
7.3 Bio-Ontologies  155
7.3.1 Ontologies for Anatomy: The FMA and Model Organisms  156
7.3.2 Cell Ontology  159
7.3.3 Chemical Entities of Biological Interest  160
7.3.4 OBI  162
7.3.5 The Protein Ontology  162
7.3.6 The Sequence Ontology  165
7.3.7 Mammalian Phenotype Ontology (MPO) 166
7.3.8 Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) 167
7.3.9 MPATH  171
7.3.10 PATO  172
7.4 What Makes a Good Ontology?  175
7.5 Exercises and Further Reading  177

III Graph Algorithms for Bio-Ontologies 179

8 Overrepresentation Analysis 181
8.1 Definitions  182
8.2 Term-for-Term  183
8.3 Multiple Testing Problem  185
8.4 Term-for-Term Analysis: An Extended Example 188
8.5 Inferred Annotations Lead to Statistical Dependencies in Ontology DAGs 192
8.6 Parent-Child Algorithms  195
8.7 Parent-Child Analysis: An Extended Example  198
8.8 Topology-Based Algorithms  200
8.8.1 Elim  200
8.8.2 Weight  202
8.9 Topology-elim: An Extended Example
8.10 Other Approaches  207
8.11 Summary  209
8.12 Exercises and Further Reading  209

9 Model-Based Approaches to GO Analysis 219
9.1 A Probabilistic Generative Model for GO Enrichment Analysis 219
9.2 A Bayesian Network Model  222
9.2.1 Maximum a posteriori  226
9.2.2 Monte Carlo Markov Chain Algorithm  227
9.2.3 MGSA Algorithm with Unknown Parameters 230
9.3 MGSA: An Extended Example  233
9.4 Summary  234
9.5 Exercises and Further Reading  235

10 Semantic Similarity 237
10.1 Information Content in Ontologies  237
10.2 Semantic Similarity of Genes and Other Items Annotated by Ontology Terms  247
10.2.1 Graph-Based and Set-Based Measures of Semantic Similarity  248
10.2.2 Applications of Semantic Similarity in Bioinformatics  249
10.2.3 Applications of Semantic Similarity for Clinical Diagnostics  251
10.3 Statistical Significance of Semantic Similarity Scores  252
10.4 Exercises and Further Reading  255

11 Frequency-Aware Bayesian Network Searches in Attribute Ontologies 261
11.1 Modeling Queries  262
11.1.1 High-Level Description of the Model  262
11.1.2 Annotation Propagation Rule for Bayesian Networks  264
11.1.3 LPDs of Hidden Term States  266
11.1.4 LPDs of Observed Term States  266
11.2 Probabilistic Inference for the Items  270
11.3 Parameter-Augmented Network  272
11.4 The Frequency-Aware Network  273
11.5 Benchmark  274

IV Inference in Ontologies 279

12 Inference in the Gene Ontology 281
12.1 Inference over GO Edges  281
12.2 Cross-Products and Logical Definitions  285
12.2.1 Intra-GO Cross-Product Definitions 286
12.2.2 External Cross-Product Definitions 288
12.2.3 Reasoning with Cross-Product Definitions 288
12.3 Exercises and Further Reading  289

13 RDFS Semantics and Inference 293
13.1 Definitions  293
13.2 Interpretations  294
13.3 RDF Entailment  303
13.4 RDFS Entailment  305
13.5 Entailment Rules  307
13.6 Summary  314
13.7 Exercises and Further Reading 314

14 Inference in OWL Ontologies 317
14.1 The Semantics of Equality  317
14.2 The Semantics of Properties  320
14.3 The Semantics of Classes  325
14.4 The Semantics of the Schema Vocabulary 331
14.5 Conclusions  333
14.6 Exercises and Further Reading  333

15 Algorithmic Foundations of Computational Inference 335
15.1 The Tableau Algorithm  336
15.1.1 Negative Normal Form  338
15.1.2 Algorithm for ABox  339
15.1.3 Adding Support for the TBox 344
15.2 Developer Libraries 346
15.3 Exercises and Further Reading 348

16 SPARQL 357
16.1 SPARQL Queries  357
16.2 Combining RDF Graphs  365
16.3 Conclusions  368
16.4 Exercises and Further Reading 369

Appendices 375
A An Overview of R 377
B Information Content and Entropy 395
C W3C Standards: XML, URIs, and RDF 399
D W3C Standards: OWL 427
Glossary 457
Bibliography 461
Index 485

Ontologies are increasingly recognized as essential tools in information science. Although the concepts are well understood theoretically , the practical implementation of ontologies remains challenging. In this book, researchers in computer science, information systems, ontology engineering, urban planning and design, civil and building engineering, and architecture present an interdisciplinary study of ontology engineering and its application in urban development projects.
The first part of the book introduces the general notion of ontology, describing variations in abstraction level, coverage, and formality. It also discusses the use of ontologies to achieve interoperability, and to represent multiple points of view and multilingualism. This is illustrated with examples from the urban domain.
The second part is specific to urban development. It covers spatial and geographical knowledge representation, the creation of urban ontologies from various knowledge sources, the interconnection of urban models and the interaction between standards and domain models.
The third part presents case studies of the development of ontologies for urban mobility, urban morphological processes, road systems, and cultural heritage. Other cases report on the use of ontologies to solve urban development problems, in construction business models, building regulations and urban regeneration. It concludes with a discussion of key challenges for the future deployment of ontologies in this domain.
This book bridges the gap between urban practitioners and computer scientists. As the essence of most urban projects lies in making connections between worldviews, ontology development has an important role to play, in promoting interoperability between data sources, both formal (urban databases, Building Integrated Models, Geographical Information Systems etc.) and less formal (thesauri, text records, web sources etc.). This volume offers a comprehensive introduction to ontology engineering for urban development. It is essential reading for practitioners and ontology designers working in urban development.

Ontology-based Application Integration introduces UI-level (User Interface Level) application integration and discusses current problems which can be remedied by using ontologies. It shows a novel approach for applying ontologies in system integration. While ontologies have been used for integration of IT systems on the database and on the business logic layer, integration on the user interface layer is a novel field of research. This book also discusses how end users, not only developers, can benefit from semantic technologies.

Ontology-based Application Integration presents the development of a software framework including a detailed ontology about user interfaces and interactions. This includes a running case study of a real world integrated emergency management system. The last section of this book discusses useful features that can be built on top of the framework for improving the user experience with future integrated information systems.

Ontology-based Application Integration is designed as a reference book for practitioners and researchers who understand and work with the principles of applying semantic web technologies to a software engineering problem. This book will also make an excellent reference or secondary text book for advanced-level students concentrating on computer science.

Table of contents :
Front Matter....Pages i-xv
Introduction....Pages 1-6
Front Matter....Pages 7-7
Application Integration on the User Interface Level....Pages 9-25
Ontology-based System Integration....Pages 27-59
Ontologies in User Interface Development....Pages 61-75
Front Matter....Pages 77-77
A Framework for User Interface Integration....Pages 79-117
An Ontology of User Interfaces and Interactions....Pages 119-150
Data Object Exchange....Pages 151-175
Efficient Semantic Event Processing....Pages 177-194
Crossing Technological Borders....Pages 195-206
Front Matter....Pages 207-207
Improving Information Exploration....Pages 209-218
Towards End-user User Interface Integration....Pages 219-226
Conclusion and Outlook....Pages 227-234
Back Matter....Pages 235-270

Table of Contents
János Fodor, Families of Binary Operations in Fuzzy Set Theory
Matjaž Gams, Beyond AI is HAI
Jozef Kelemen, Beyond Knowledge Systems
Paulo Leitao, Multi-agent Systems in Industry: Current Trends & Future Challenges
Cătălin Buiu, Ana Brânduşa Pavel, Cristian Ioan Vasile, and Ioan Dumitrache, Perspectives of Using Membrane Computing in the Control of Mobile Robots
Manuel Garcı́a–Quismondo and Mario J. Pérez–Jiménez, Implementing ENPS by Means of GPUs for AI Applications
Pavel Nahodil and Jaroslav Vı́tků, New Way How to Create an Autonomous Creature
Miloslav Hajek and Yashik Singh, Medical AI – HIV/AIDS Treatment Management System
Marı́a C. Rodrı́guez-Gancedo, Javier Caminero, Beatriz López-Mencı́a, and Álvaro Hernández-Trapote, Patient Experience in e-Health ECA Applications
Zdeněk Hanzlı́ček and Jindřich Matoušek, Voice Conservation: Towards Creating a Speech-Aid System for Total Laryngectomees
Peter Mikulecký, Petr Tučnı́k, The Fourth Dimension of AmI: Co-existence
William W. York and Hamid R. Ekbia, Analogy, Aesthetics, and Affect: What HCI Designers Can Learn from AI
Elena N. Benderskaya, Nonlinear Trends in Modern Artificial Intelligence: A New Perspective
Mateusz Woźniak, Embodied Agent or Master of Puppets. Human in Relation with His Avatar
Eva Prokešová, What Is Moral Agency of Artificial Agents?
Eliška Květová, New Emergence as Supervenience Relieved of Problems
Jan Štěbeták, Petr Brůha, and Roman Mouček, Neuroinformatics - Data Management and Analytic Tools for EEG/ERP Research
Daniel Průša and Václav Hlaváč , Hand-drawn Objects with Structure as Means of Communication with Machines
Peter Mikulecký, Beyond AI: Towards Smart Workplaces
Tzu-Keng Fu, The Usage of “Formal Rules” in the Human Intelligence Investigations
AI Tarek R. Besold, Rationality {in|through|for}
Jan Zelinka, Selfish Genes and Evolutionary Computation
Eva Zackova, Jan Romportl, Marek Havlik, and Michal Polak, The Role of Externalisation in Human Enhancement: Are All Our Thoughts in Our Head?

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th IFIP WG 11.11 International Conference, IFIPTM 2011, held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in June/July 2011.
The 14 revised full papers and 8 short papers presented together with the abstracts of 4 keynote talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 42 submissions. The papers feature both theoretical research and real-world case studies from academia, business and government focusing on areas such as: trust models, social and behavioral aspects of trust, trust in networks, mobile systems and cloud computation, privacy, reputation systems, and identity management.

• The only comprehensive reference work about the Semantic Web currently available
• Describes both fundamental research and major applications areas like bioinformatics, life sciences, business, education, and others
• Ideal for researchers who need in-depth introduction into all areas related to Semantic Web research and applications
• Contributions written and edited by main authorities in this field

These are the proceedings of the 19th international conference on domain decomposition methods in science and engineering. Domain decomposition methods are iterative methods for solving the often very large linear or nonlinear systems of algebraic equations that arise in various problems in mathematics, computational science, engineering and industry. They are designed for massively parallel computers and take the memory hierarchy of such systems into account. This is essential for approaching peak floating point performance. There is an increasingly well-developed theory which is having a direct impact on the development and improvement of these algorithms.

Калинин Константин Владимирович
МЕТОД МОМЕНТОВ С АДАПТИРУЕМОЙ МЕРОЙ ДЛЯ ВЫЧИСЛЕНИЯ КОЛЕБАТЕЛЬНО-ВРАЩАТЕЛЬНЫХ УРОВНЕЙ ЭНЕРГИИ МОЛЕКУЛ
Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата физико-математических наук
01.04.05 - оптика

This book constitutes the post-conference proceedings of the International Workshop on Ontology, Conceptualization and Epistemology for Information Systems, Software Engineering and Service Sciences (ONTOSE 2010), held at the CAiSE 2010 conference in Hammamet, Tunisia, June, 2010. The 10 papers presented in this volume were carefully revised and selected from 25 submissions. They are grouped in sections on enterprise and service architectures, ontology applications, ontology visualization and query expansion, and ontologies for services.

Table of Contents
Enterprise and Service Architectures Identification and Specification of Relationships as the Foundation for Service Bundling                        
Thomas Kohlborn, Christian Luebeck, Axel Korthaus, Erwin Fielt, Michael Rosemann, Christoph Riedl, and Helmut Krcmar
Conceptual Modeling and Integration of Static and Dynamic Aspects of Service Architectures                     
Remigijus Gustas
Exemplifying a Framework for Interrelating Enterprise Architecture Concerns                          
Sabine Buckl, Florian Matthes, Christopher Schulz, and Christian M. Schweda

Ontology Applications

Ontology Representations for Information Exchange between Communities                         
Benjamin Diemert, Marie-Hélène Abel, and Claude Moulin
A Specification-Oriented Geospatial Coverage Ontology Study   
Jinsongdi Yu, Xia Wang, and Peter Baumann
A Space-Based Interoperability Model              
Diego Bernini, Daniela Micucci, and Francesco Tisato

Ontology Visualization and Query Expansion

Visualising Semantic Coupling among Entities in an OWL Ontology 
Juan Garcia, Francisco Garcia, and Roberto Theron
Query Expansion for the Legal Domain: A Case Study from the JUMAS Project                    
Fabio Sartori and Matteo Palmonari

Ontology for Services

A Mereology-Based Ontology for Services Science: Example of an e-health Service Modelling                   
Florie Bugeaud and Eddie Soulier
On Using the REA Enterprise Ontology as a Foundation for Service System Representations                      .
Miguel-Angel Sicilia and Manuel Mora

Author Index

Preface
After a long period of decline, ontology is back at the forefront of philosophy, science and technology. These days ontology comes in at least two main fashions: the traditional philosophical understanding of ontology has been recently flanked by a new – computer-based – understanding of ontology.
There are scholars from both fields contending that ontology in knowledge engineering and ontology in philosophy are two completely different disciplines. On the one hand there is analysis closely tied to the concrete problems of domain modeling; on the other, difficult and usually very abstract speculations on the world and its most rarified structures. For this reason, it is claimed, those scientists who occupy themselves with ontology in knowledge engineering should not be concerned with what philosophers have to say (and vice-versa).
The thesis defended by Theory and Applications of Ontology is exactly the opposite. We shall try to show in this work that – despite their different languages and different points of departure – ontologies in knowledge engineering (let’s say: ontology as technology) and ontology in philosophy (let’s say: ontology as categorial analysis) have numerous problems in common and that they seek to answer similar questions. And for this reason, engineers and philosophers must devise ways to talk to each other.
The current resurgence of interest in ontological issues displays a number of novel features, both among philosophers and among information technologists. Among philosophers, the revival of a genuine interest in ontology requires the removal of certain prejudices that have profoundly influenced the analytic and the
continental camps, both of which have in recent decades systematically delegitimized ontological inquiry in favour of its epistemological transformation (not to say reduction). To this shared error of broadly Kantian (or more properly neo-Kantian) stamp, analytic philosophy has added a linguistic prejudice, and the continental one
styles of inquiry and writing that can be described as devoid of methodological rigour.
Behind these obstructions to ontological investigation one perhaps discerns the consequences of another feature common to both camps: the fact that the most influential thinkers of the last hundred years – the reference unquestionably goes back to Wittgenstein and Heidegger, however different their philosophical views may have been – both embraced an a-scientific approach; both, that is, delegitimized alliances, or at least serious contact, between science and philosophy. In consequence, the revival of interest in ontology also provides an opportunity for renewed discussion of the relationships between science and philosophy.
Science continuously advances, and that which it proves to be valid endures. Problem-oriented thinkers try to follow problems, not to anticipate conclusions or to presuppose an image of the world. This perspective is largely correct. It should, however, be qualified if one is not to commit the ingenuous error of believing that it is only “solutions” that advance knowledge. Also attempts and failures, in fact, are instructive. For all these reasons we may accept Aristotle’s contention that ontology is philosophia prima as regards the problems it seeks to resolve, as long as we remember that it can only be philosophia ultima as regards the elaboration of results. And it is here that we discern how ontology concretely operates in harness with science, because it “presupposes the accumulated knowledge of centuries and the methodical experience of all the sciences” (N. Hartmann, Der Aufbau der realen Welt, Meisenheim am Glan, 1949, 26).
Besides points of contact, of course, there are also a number of differences, perhaps most notably the fact that ontology in knowledge engineering is a discipline still in its infancy, while ontology in philosophy is as old as philosophy itself. Consequently, the history of philosophy contains ideas, tools and proposals of use for contemporary developments; and it also indicates the options that will lead us into dead ends or nowhere at all. When things are viewed in the light of such a long and articulated history, one knows from the outset that ontology does not permit ingenuous simplifications. For these reasons, philosophical ontology may usefully contribute to ontology in knowledge engineering.
It is true, though, that philosophical ontology addresses questions of a more general nature, ones apparently of no relevance to ontology in knowledge engineering. Consequently, it may appear that certain components of philosophical ontology could be ignored in the passage to ontology as technology. Nevertheless, one should always bear in mind the greater explanatory value and the broader structuring capacity of more general schemes and more comprehensive theories. For this less overt reason, too, philosophical ontology is useful for ontology in knowledge engineering. The philosophical codification of ontology has often restricted itself to organization of its general architecture, without delving into the details of minute categorization. On the other hand, the concrete, situated practice of ontology as technology may conversely prove useful for the development of philosophical ontology.
For these and other reasons, there is mounting interest in the development of standards, modeling principles, and semantically transparent languages. Ontology thus comes into play as one of the strategies available to developing the semantic web, construct robust data-bases, managing huge amounts of heterogeneous information because ontologically founded knowledge of the objects of the world is able to make codification simpler, more transparent and more natural. The belief is that ontology can give greater robustness to computer-based applications by providing methodological criteria and categories with which to construct and build them, as well as contexts in which to set and re-categorize different data-bases so that they become more mutually transparent. In this way ontology directly contributes to standardization of the life-cycle model, and can therefore serve as an innovative and possibly unexpected component of software quality assurance.
These problems are dramatically magnified by the fact that unlike all the societies of the past, modern societies are no longer afflicted by a lack of information. If anything they suffer from its excess, from having to cope with too much unused and unusable information. It becomes increasingly difficult, in fact, to find the information that one needs, when one needs it, to the extent that one needs it and in the appropriate form. Although the information may be stored somewhere, all too often one does not know where; and even when one is aware of how to find the information, it is often accompanied by further information irrelevant to one’s purposes. And when information is available, it is often forthcoming in the wrong form, or else its meaning is not explicitly apparent.
However broad the range of information already gathered may be, a great deal more has still to be assembled and codified. And this inevitably complicates still further the problem of the functional, flexible, efficient and semantically transparent codification of information.
Broadly speaking, the two research communities of philosophers and engineers have still not found a way to relate to each other systematically. While philosophers tend unilaterally to emphasize the need for a conceptual complexity that matches the complexity of the subject-matter, engineers tend equally unilaterally to stress the drawbacks of the tools available and the presence of insuperable computational problems. One side is perhaps too theoretical, the other too pragmatic. In short, taken as they stand, the two views seem difficult to reconcile.
However, in dynamic terms, one easily foresees mounting social and institutional pressure for the development of tools able to model fragments of reality in terms that are both adequate and efficient. And from this point of view, we are all at fault. Those colleagues who concern themselves with technologies seemingly pay closer attention to manipulation than to knowledge. Likewise, those who concern themselves with philosophy suffer from the reverse problem, that of navigating in a sea of theories for which the rationale is sometimes unclear.
For our part, we have grown increasingly convinced that the same problems will force engineers to address theories, and philosophers to address the limitations of our current capabilities. Provided, however, that both sides have the will, the ability, the desire and the courage to do so. If they decide to tackle these problems, it will become reasonable to identify and systematically develop those areas of convergence and contact now existing.
In this sense, the two volumes of Theory and Applications of Ontology may play a role in paving the way for a better mutual understanding between engineers and philosophers. Since the two communities are still very different as to their own languages, conceptual tools and problem-sets, we thought that collecting papers within one single volume would have been too constraining. We therefore devised two different volumes, one dedicated to the philosophical understanding of ontology and one to the computer-based understanding of ontologies. Both volumes contain both papers describing the state of the art in their respective topics and papers addressing forefront, innovative and possibly controversial topics.
Roberto Poli

Recent decades have witnessed the emergence of artificial intelligence as a serious science and engineering discipline. Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents is a textbook aimed at junior to senior undergraduate students and first-year graduate students. It presents artificial intelligence (AI) using a coherent framework to study the design of intelligent computational agents. By showing how basic approaches fit into a multidimensional design space, readers can learn the fundamentals without losing sight of the bigger picture. The book balances theory and experiment, showing how to link them intimately together, and develops the science of AI together with its engineering applications. Although structured as a textbook, the book's straightforward, self-contained style will also appeal to a wide audience of professionals, researchers, and independent learners. AI is a rapidly developing field: this book encapsulates the latest results without being exhaustive and encyclopedic. It teaches the main principles and tools that will allow readers to explore and learn on their own. The text is supported by an online learning environment, AIspace, http://aispace.org, so that students can experiment with the main AI algorithms plus problems, animations, lecture slides, and a knowledge representation system, AIlog, for experimentation and problem solving. 

This volume contains the proceedings of IFIPTM 2010, the 4th IFIP WG 11.11 International Conference on Trust Management, held in Morioka, Iwate, Japan during June 16-18, 2010. IFIPTM 2010 provided a truly global platform for the reporting of research, development, policy, and practice in the interdependent arrears of privacy, se- rity, and trust. Building on the traditions inherited from the highly succe- ful iTrust conference series, the IFIPTM 2007 conference in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada, the IFIPTM 2008 conference in Trondheim, Norway, and the IFIPTM 2009 conference at Purdue University in Indiana, USA, IFIPTM 2010 focused on trust, privacy and security from multidisciplinary persp- tives. The conference is an arena for discussion on relevant problems from both research and practice in the areas of academia, business, and government. IFIPTM 2010 was an open IFIP conference. The program of the conference featured both theoretical research papers and reports of real-world case studies. IFIPTM 2010 received 61 submissions from 25 different countries: Japan (10), UK (6), USA (6), Canada (5), Germany (5), China (3), Denmark (2), India (2), Italy (2), Luxembourg (2), The Netherlands (2), Switzerland (2), Taiwan (2), Austria, Estonia, Finland, France, Ireland, Israel, Korea, Malaysia, Norway, Singapore, Spain, Turkey. The Program Committee selected 18 full papers for presentation and inclusion in the proceedings. In addition, the program and the proceedings include two invited papers by academic experts in the ?elds of trust management, privacy and security, namely, Toshio Yamagishi and Pamela Briggs.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-workshop proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Formal Aspects in Security and Trust, FAST 2009, held under the auspices of IFIP WG 1.7 in Eindhoven, The Netherlands, in November 2009 as an event of the Formal Methods Week, FMweek 2009. The 18 revised papers presented together with an abstract of the invited lecture were carefully reviewed and selected from 50 submissions. The papers focus of formal aspects in security and trust policy models, security protocol design and analysis, formal models of trust and reputation, logics for security and trust, distributed trust management systems, trust-based reasoning, digital assets protection, data protection, privacy and id issues, information flow analysis, language-based security, security and trust aspects in ubiquitous computing, validation/analysis tools, Web service security/trust/privacy, grid security, security risk assessment, and case studies.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-workshop proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Formal Aspects in Security and Trust, FAST 2009, held under the auspices of IFIP WG 1.7 in Eindhoven, The Netherlands, in November 2009 as an event of the Formal Methods Week, FMweek 2009. The 18 revised papers presented together with an abstract of the invited lecture were carefully reviewed and selected from 50 submissions. The papers focus of formal aspects in security and trust policy models, security protocol design and analysis, formal models of trust and reputation, logics for security and trust, distributed trust management systems, trust-based reasoning, digital assets protection, data protection, privacy and id issues, information flow analysis, language-based security, security and trust aspects in ubiquitous computing, validation/analysis tools, Web service security/trust/privacy, grid security, security risk assessment, and case studies.

В книге представлен новый математический аппарат – алгебра кортежей (АК), которая относится к классу булевых алгебр и позволяет реализовать алгебраический подход к логическому анализу в системах искусственного интеллекта. В АК, в отличие от формальных систем, где основа – символьные конструкции, в качестве базового выбрано понятие “многоместное отношение” и предложены обобщения операций алгебры множеств для работы с отношениями, заданными в разных схемах. Это позволило расширить возможности существующих систем обработки данных и знаний, основанных на бинарных и реляционных отношениях. АК дает возможность унифицировать представление и анализ как данных, так и знаний, и, следовательно, решить проблему сопряжения баз данных и баз знаний в рамках одной программной системы. Алгоритмы обработки отношений, записанных в виде АК-объектов, хорошо  поддаются  распараллеливанию.  Кроме  того,  разработаны дополнительные методы уменьшения трудоемкости, а в некоторых случаях – и вычислительной сложности интеллектуальных процедур. В алгебре кортежей, помимо известных методов логических исчислений, реализованы новые алгебраические методы проверки корректности следствия и поиска следствий из заданной системы аксиом. В ходе вывода учитывается внутренняя структура обрабатываемых знаний, что ускоряет решение стандартных задач логического анализа. Помимо логического вывода, АК служит для формализации широкого круга логических задач (абдуктивные и модифицируемые заключения, моделирование графов и семантических сетей, экспертных правил и т.д.).

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design, TAMODIA 2009, held in Brussels, Belgium, in September 2009.

The 12 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions for inclusion in the book. The workshop features current research and gives some indication of the new directions in which task analysis theories, methods, techniques and tools are progressing. The papers are organized in topical sections on business process, design process, model driven approach, task modeling, and task models and UML.

Дмитриева Татьяна Александровна
КОЛЕБАТЕЛЬНО-ВРАЩАТЕЛЬНАЯ СПЕКТРОСКОПИЯ ИЗОТОПИЧЕСКИХ МОДИФИКАЦИЙ МОЛЕКУЛЫ ВОДЫ: УРОВНИ ЭНЕРГИИ, СПЕКТРОСКОПИЧЕСКАЯ ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИЯ И КОРРЕКЦИЯ ЧАСТОТ ПЕРЕХОДОВ В БАЗЕ ДАННЫХ HITRAN
Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата физико-математических наук
01.04.05 - оптика

Мишина Татьяна Петровна
Столкновительные параметры контура колебательно-вращательных линий водяного пара и озона
Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата физико-математических наук
01.04.05 - оптика

The growing emphasis on complexity concerns for ontologies has attracted significa t interest from both the researchers’ and the practitioners’ communities in modularization techniques as a way to decrease the complexity of managing huge ontologies. Research has produced many complementary and competing approaches, mainly with the goal of supporting practitioners’ methodologies with sound and precisely def ned foundations and alternatives. Existing prototypes substantiate research results and experimental evaluations have been performed. Thus, a large body of work is available.
This book has been designed to provide the reader with a detailed analysis of where we stand today and which concepts, theories and techniques for knowledge modularization we can conf dently rely on. The material for the book has been selected from research achievements that are mature enough to be considered as a f rm and reliable basis on which to inspire further work and to develop solutions in concrete environments.
The content of the book has been organized in three parts. Part I holds a general introduction to the idea and issues characterizing modularization. This is followed by three chapters that offer an in-depth analysis of properties, criteria and knowledge import techniques for modularization. The last chapter discusses one of the three approaches that implement the modularization idea. The two other approaches are covered in detail in parts II and III.
Part II describes four major research proposals for creating modules from an
existing ontology, either by partitioning an ontology into a collection of modules or by extracting one or more modules from the ontology. In both cases the knowledge in a module is a subset of the knowledge in the ontology.
Part III reports on collaborative approaches where modules that pre-exist (as independent ontologies) are linked together through mappings to form a virtual large ontology, called a distributed ontology. The f rst chapter discusses one of the core issues, the various kinds of languages for def ning the mappings between elements of the modules. The following chapters of Part III describes three major alternative techniques for interconnecting ontologies in view of providing enriched knowledge to users of the collaborative system. (Please refer to the Introduction to Part III for more details.)
Parts II and III deal with ontologies only. Similar work in the database domain is well known and well documented in available text books. The material in this book was carefully reviewed before publication. We hope it will prove to be very helpful to anybody interested in knowledge modularization.
October 2008 Heiner Stuckenschmidt
Christine Parent
Stefano Spaccapietra